Libmonster ID: JP-1548
Author(s) of the publication: N. F. DEMIDOVA

The history of political and economic development of the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk by the Russian population has long attracted the attention of scientists. Soviet historians and ethnographers have worked hard to expand our knowledge in this area .1 Thanks to their work, we now have a fairly complete general idea of the development of Priokhotye by the Russian population.

In the 30s of the XVII century, Russian explorers in Siberia, moving in the north-eastern direction, moved to the Lena basin and gained a foothold there, building the Yakut prison. The Yakut voivodeship emerged. It was from here that their detachments then headed east, initially to the Kolyma region ,and later to the Pacific coast and the Amur region. 2 This movement was mainly along the course of rivers, the spaces between which were developed much later. In the second half of the XVII century, with the construction of Nerchinsk, and then Albazin, a new center for the development of the upper and middle reaches of the Amur River was created. At the same time, another stream of immigrants rushed from the north to the lower reaches of the Amur, heading from Yakutsk to the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk and from there through the valley of the Uda River to the south, to the upper reaches of the Amguni. It is this direction of movement of the Russian people, towards Ude and Amguni, that has not yet found a special reflection in the literature.

The acquaintance of explorers with the Uda Valley dates back to the first half of the century, when in 1639 - 1640. its mouth was reached by a detachment of 30 Cossacks led by Yu. I. Moskvitin, traveling by boat from the north along the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk3 . As for the local aborigines, according to N. I. Kolobov, a participant in the campaign, who referred to the stories of the Evenki population, a battle was taking place between the Gilyaks (Nivkhs) and Daurs4 at the mouth of the Uda . This information allowed the Soviet historian N. I. Belov to come to the conclusion that the Nivkhs settled north of the Uda and on the islands of the Sea of Okhotsk .5 However, there are no other, more recent data on the Nivkhs living on the mainland within the Uda region in the documents of the XVII century.

The following fact is typical for the level of geographical knowledge of that Time. Otkritie p. Udy was not immediately recorded by Russian geographers and cartographers. Although information about Moskvitin's campaign was promptly received in Moscow and Tobolsk, it is not reflected either in the early geographical descriptions of Siberia or on its first maps, and the images of this river on Siberian maps date back to the end of the XVII - beginning of the XVIII century. We should add that it is hardly possible to assume that the appearance of the Uda winter quarters, and then the prison, occurred during the campaign of Moskvitin, as some authors believed .6 There is no information about this in the preserved sources.

The second appearance of Russian Cossacks in the Uda region dates back to the period of E. P. Khabarovsk's campaigns, and from the south, from the Amur side. In 1652, I. Nagiba's group, which missed the main forces of the Khabarovsk detachment, descended the Amur River and reached the mouth of the Tugura River, which flows into the Sea of Okhotsk south of the Uda. After that, Nagiba with the main part of his men moved north, through the Uda valley and mountain ranges to Yakutsk, leaving the Cossack Uvarov at the mouth of the Tugur to establish a winter quarters there. During Uvarov's stay in Tugur, yasak was collected for the first time from the Evenks of the Oinkagir family, who accepted Russian citizenship. 7
The following description of a typical Siberian wintering ground of that era shows what the then Russian outposts on the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk were like:-

1 S. V. Bakhrushin. Cossacks on the Amur. l. 1925; his own. Voivodeship administration in Yakutia. "Yakutia in the XVII century". Yakutsk. 1953; V. I. Shunkov. Essays on the history of agriculture in Siberia (XVII century). Moscow, 1956; B. O. Dolgikh. Tribal and tribal composition of the peoples of Siberia in the 17th century "Proceedings" of the N. N. Miklukho-Maklay Institute of Ethnography. New series, vol. 55, Moscow, 1960; V. A. Aleksandrov. Russia on the Far Eastern Borders, Moscow, 1969; "History of Siberia from ancient Times to our days", vol. 2, L. 1968.

2 " History of Siberia...", Vol. 2, pp. 48, 53.

3 D. M. Lebedev. Geography of Russia. XVII century Moscow -L. 1949, p. 54.

4 "Discoveries of Russian explorers and polar navigators of the XVII century", Moscow, 1961, p. 140.

5 "Russian sailors in the Arctic and Pacific oceans", Moscow-L. 1952, p. 54.

6 A. Manykin-Nestruyev. Conquerors of Siberia Yakut Cossacks, Moscow, 1883, p. 22.

7 " Supplements to historical Acts collected and published by the Archeographic Commission "(hereinafter - DAI). Vol. III. SPB. 1848, pp. 354-356; V. P. Parshin. A trip to Transbaikalia, Part 2, Moscow, 1844, p. 28.

page 213

movyom was a simple chicken hut, with a large clay stove, with mica in the windows, or even just a piece of ice. At least 6 Cossacks lived in such a hut. If it was necessary, then the hut was fenced off. " 8 The Tugur winter quarters were probably the same. Like other wintering grounds in the Yakut Uyezd, no one lived there permanently, but it was occasionally visited by yasak pickers. They visited there until 1657, when the Evenki hostages were transferred from there to the north, to the May winter quarters, whose clerks took over the management of this area. Officially, the Tugur winter shelter was abolished in 1667 due to its remoteness from Yakutsk, the difficulty of delivering yasak collected from the local population to the center, and the difficulties of communication. There is evidence that in 1667 the Tugur Evenks of the Inkagul family already carried yasak to the May winter quarters .9 In the painting of the prisons and winter quarters of the Yakut uyezd 1675-1676. The Tugur winter quarters are not listed; the Evenks who lived along the Ude and its tributaries are called Mayskim 10.

The relocation of the yasak collection center from Tugur further to the north, the remoteness of the Tugur and Ud districts from the May winter quarters (four weeks of reindeer riding) led to the fact that some Evenks who accepted Russian citizenship in the middle of the XVII century gradually stopped paying yasak. In the painting of the prisons and wintering grounds of the Yakut Uyezd, it is said that "along the same Ude River, along the Tugur and along the side rivers that adjoin the same Ude River, koriki live other inhabitants of many genera of summer tunguses"11 . In a reply of 1679, the Yakut voivode F. P. Bibikov confirmed that "there are many families of Yasak Tunguses in Ude, and the great sovereign Yasak is not paid" 12 . There were also performances of Evenks against yasach collectors. So, in 1675, a group of Uda Evenks attacked a detachment of Yakut Cossacks who came to Uda to collect yasak, and killed them 13 . Apparently, these events are connected with the unsuccessful attempt of the Yakut Cossacks, despite the voivode's disagreement, to leave for Udu. According to investigative materials, it turns out that the initiators of the campaign were Cossacks S. Degtyarov and D. Syrov, who "consulted...in the forest between them for many days, so that they can go to the Ud-river for traitors (Tungus) and call to themselves eager Cossacks and industrial people " 14 . They intended to lure weapons and food from the voivode, but to take the voivode with them and let him go from the road 15 (according to other sources, to kill him) 16 . Here you can feel the influence of the example of the free Albazin Cossacks, who created their own settlement, independent of the voivodeship authorities.

All this made the administration think about the need to strengthen official power in the areas already included in the Russian state along the Uda and Tugur rivers, creating new strongholds there. A specific incentive was also the unrest of the Yasach population in the vicinity of the Okhotsk prison, which resulted in a short - term siege of it in 1677-1678 .17 The place for the new winter quarters was chosen on the middle course of the Uda, which is closer to Yakutsk than the old Tugur winter quarters. By order of the Siberian order, on July 21, 1679, a Cossack Pentecostal Danila Mikhailov went from Yakutsk to Udu with a detachment. It was prescribed to him, " having arrived at the Ud-river,.. put up a winter shelter and strengthen it firmly", from where to make trips to bring local Evenks to pay yasak 18 .

However, the winter quarters were not immediately established. In a reply to the Yakut voivode, Mikhailov reported at the beginning of 1680: "And I live on Udi, Danilko, with the Amanats. But I didn't put the number of winter quarters at yasachny under the ce, because it's winter time."19 The document further testifies to the peaceful nature of relations between the Cossack detachment and the local population. From 1681, the first books of collecting yasak on the Uda winter quarters have come down to us, in which it is already mentioned as existing 20 . Therefore, it can be assumed that the construction was carried out in the summer months of 1680, when there were 12 Cossacks on the Oude 21 .

8 Sadovnikov village. Nashi zemleprokhodtsy, Moscow, 1905, p. 43.

9 B. O. Dolgikh. Op. ed., p. 513.

10 DAI. V. VI. SPB. 1857, p. 404.

11 Ibid.

12 Ibid., p. 149.

13 Ibid.

14 TSGADA, f. Yakutskaya prikaznaya izba, op. 3, d. 96, l. 43 (the case was indicated to us by TSGADA researcher T. I. Evtyushina).

15 Ibid., l. 34.

16 Ibid., ll. 23, 32.

17 S. V. Bakhrushin. Voivodeship administration in Yakutia, p. 311.

18 Ibid.

19 DAI. Vol. VIII. SPB. 1862, p. 174.

20 TSGADA, f. Yakut prikaznaya izba, op. 4, kn. 1256, ll. 173-174.

21 Ibid., F. Sibirsky prikaz, stb. 963, l. 90.

page 214

After the foundation of the Uda winter quarters, the collection of yasak from the local population takes on a regular character, as evidenced by the annual books of the yasak collection, sealed with the signatures of Uda clerks .22 It is not known exactly when the transformation of the winter house into a prison took place, but, apparently, soon after its foundation, because in May 1681, the yasach book already mentions the prison 23. The winter quarters were located on the right, low bank of the river, three days ' journey from its mouth .24 Soon it became clear that the place for construction was chosen unsuccessfully: in 1681, the Uda Kazakhs complained that in the winter quarters "there is no fish food, no fish, we eat grass and wood, but we are dying of hunger, and from now on we do not know what to get and feed"25 . Fish continued to form the basis of the diet of the population living in the prison, since the delivery of other food from Yakutsk was fraught with great difficulties. The lack of places convenient for fishing in the vicinity of ostrog caused in 1682 the relocation of housing somewhat higher up the river, at a distance of a day's journey from the previous location . A. F. Middendorf, who later visited the Uda prison, described it as follows:: "It is built on a sandy hillock on the left bank of the Udi River and consists of two small branches separated from each other by an insignificant stream" 27 .

Initially, the prison was small. In the documents of 1690, drawn up during the transfer of it from one clerk to another, it was stated:: "Uda ostrozhek about two battles under the roof. Yes, in the prison of the cookery, but over the gate of Anbar cobblestone treasury " 28 . In front of us is a typical Siberian prison with standing pine walls and an internal platform for installing squeakers on it .29 Both in the XVII century and at the beginning of the XVIII century, the prison did not have a permanent population. The service personnel sent there from Yakutsk were replaced annually. The size of the garrison ranged from 30 to 60 men .30 Appointment to the Uda was carried out through elections, in which all the service people of Yakutsk took part. The prison administration was also changed annually, consisting of a clerk (appointed or chosen), a scribe and an interpreter. After leaving Yakutsk in July or August, a party of military personnel traveled a difficult path along the Amga, Aldan and Uchur rivers, from where they passed through mountain ranges and entered the Udy Valley .31 The road to Uda portage, where in the 90s of the XVII century. there was a special winter quarters, it took nine, according to other sources - seven weeks, the further journey to the prison-another six weeks .32 The time of departure was calculated so that in February - March the furs collected as yasak would be sent to Yakutsk 33 along the winter route . There was also another route to the Uda Valley, connecting the Uda and Albaza forts. It went from Albazin up the Amur, and then between the Chernaya and Amazor rivers along the Stanovoy Ridge to the sources of the Uda 34 . However, due to the subordination of prisons to various departments, this route was rarely used.

In addition to serving people, parties of "industrialists" - hunting artels-passed through the prison from time to time. The forests along the Uda and its tributaries were famous for sables and therefore particularly attracted fur producers .35 The first batch of" industrialists " entered the Uda region in 1679-1680 together with the builders of the winter quarters. The main core of the party was formed by the people of the trade guest O. Filatiev, who financed the entire enterprise .36 "Industrialists" often stayed in the prison. Amanats were also kept there, which were taken from the local population as a guarantee of their loyalty and periodically replaced. The population of the prison is indicated by data from 1690, when after the arrival of a new change of Cossacks, there were 53 Cossacks there,

22 Ibid., f. Yakut prikaznaya izba, op. 4, kn. 1256, 1365, 1462, 1505.

23 Ibid., book 1256.

24 DAI. Vol. VIII, p. 179.

25 TSGADA, F. Sibirskiy prikaz, stb. 963, l. 90.

26 Ibid.

27 A. F. Middendorf. Journey to the North and East of Siberia. Part 1. St. Petersburg, 1860, p. 134.

28 TSGADA, f. Yakut prikaznaya izba, op. 3, 1691, 1122, l. 13.

29 S. N. Balandin. Defense architecture of Siberia in the XVII century. "Cities of Siberia". Novosibirsk. 1974, pp. 12-13.

30 TSGADA, f. Yakut prikaznaya izba, op. 3, 1698, 2, ll. 40, 41, 77, 152 - 153.

31 Ibid., 1691, d. 2, l. 14.

32 Ibid., F. Sibirsky prikaz, stb. 363, l. 396; DAI. Vol. VIII, p. 173.

33 TSGADA, f. Yakut prikaznaya izba, op. 3, 1691, 12, l. 14.

34 E. I. Sychevsky. Historical Note on the Chinese Border, Moscow, 1875, p. 12.

35 P. A. Slovtsov. Istoricheskoe opisanie Sibiri [Historical Description of Siberia], Moscow, 1839, p. 89.

36 S. V. Bakhrushin. Voivodeship administration in Yakutia, p. 150.

page 215

10 "industrialists" and 10 amanats 37 . At that time, the prison with such a population was a large town for Eastern Siberia. But it should be borne in mind that the Cossacks and industrial people spent most of their time on campaigns, parcels and hunting.

In 1682, as the Uda clerk, F. Lytkin resumed settlement on the Tugur, apparently in a new place, when during a campaign to bring into Russian citizenship the dacha Evenks who lived along the Tugur River. he built a prison and winter quarters in Yasach. The place of their location is described in the report of the Yakut Cossack I. Burnatov from 1727: "Across the Tugur River against the stone of Burukan was the winter quarters of Yakut service people who were sent to Zboru yasak. And in that winter quarters, the Tugur yasak tunguses paid yasak " 38 . If the location is correct, then the prison was moved from the mouth to the middle course of the river, like the Uda prison, it was under the jurisdiction of the Yakut voivode. Its garrison was temporary and was replaced annually. The Uda clerk retained some managerial functions in relation to the new prison. Perhaps this was due to the fact that the route to Tugur passed through the Uda prison, and the distance between them was five weeks by sled .39 An attempt to facilitate this route by establishing a water connection between both forts dates back to the 80s of the 17th century. For this purpose, a party of Cossacks led by A. Alekseev in 1685 sailed the sea and the lower reaches of the Tugur and Uda from the Tugur prison to the Uda 40 .

In 1682, a "long-distance" campaign of Uda service people was organized. Having reached the upper reaches of the Amguni River, the Cossacks founded a winter shelter there . In 1683, a new settlement was established at the mouth of the Duka River, one of the tributaries of the Amguni River, by the combined forces of the Tugur and Albaza Cossacks .42
These are the strongholds of the Russian administration in the vast Uda district of the Yakut uyezd by the mid-80s of the XVII century. But if the limits and dimensions of Russian settlements in the Priokhotye region at the end of the 17th century can be taken into account, it is more difficult to determine the area of settlement of the Evenks who were in Russian citizenship due to their mobile lifestyle. By the end of the 80s of the XVII century, the amanats kept in the Uda prison included representatives of four Evenki clans - Birat, Oinkagir (Ainkagir), Muzllagir (Multygir )and Kitagir. 43 Oinkagir Evenks formed the core of the yasakoplatelyks of the Uda ostrog. B. O. Dolgikh believed that the above-mentioned names of genera (except for the first one) are generally distortions of the word "Oinkagir" 44 . This assumption is doubtful, since the mentioned discrepancies are clearly observed in the texts of the yasach books and can be traced back to the middle of the XVIII century .45 The number of Evenks-Birats who were under the jurisdiction of the Ud administration was insignificant, since the main part of them tended to Albazin. The nivkhs who lived on the border of their possessions did not pay yasak to the Uda and Tugur ostrogs46 . By the end of the 17th century, the population of this area under the jurisdiction of the Russian administration was located geographically as follows: the Evenki-Birats occupied the upper reaches of the Uda, the course of its right tributary Shavli and the middle course of the Selenji; the Oinkagirs, Muzllagirs and Negideltsy - the lower course of the Uda, the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk and the entire course of the Tugur; in addition, the Oinkagirs lived along the middle course of the Uda. With the construction of the Tugur prison and the spread of the influence of Russian clerks and service people on the population living along the Amguni, the number of yasakoplatelytsikov of the Negidel family increased significantly. In 1684, 115 non-farmers were registered in the Tugur winter quarters .47 During the advance of the yasach collectors from the Tugur to the south, they came into contact with the sphere of influence of the Albaza department , 48 as if closing the line of advance of the Russian people to the lower reaches of the Amur.

37 TSGADA, F. Sibirskiy prikaz, stb. 963, l. 91.

38 Ibid., F. Miller's Portfolios, p. 349, part I, d. 23, ll. 2-4.

39 Ibid., f. Sibirskiy prikaz, stb. 963, l. 396.

40 N. N. Ogloblin. Review of Columns of the Siberian Order, Part 1, Moscow, 1895, p. 119.

41 TSGADA, F. Sibirsky prikaz, stb. 963, ll. 92-93.

42 S. V. Bakhrushin. Cossacks on the Amur, p. 70.

43 TSGADA, f. Yakut prikaznaya izba, op. 3, 1691, 1122, l. 16.

44 B. O. Dolgikh. Op. ed., pp. 514, 516.

45 S. P. Krasheninnikov. Description of the land of Kamchatka. M.-L. 1949, p. 161.

46 B. O. Dolgikh. Op. ed., p. 514.

47 Ibid., p. 515; TSGADA, F. Sibirsky prikaz, stb. 963, l. 91.

48 B. O. Dolgikh. Op. ed., p. 514.

page 216

The number of people who lived in this territory cannot be accurately determined. The Yasach books of 1681-1688 give the number of yasakopatelytsikov, ranging from 89 to 170 people. On average, this number was constantly about 150 people .49 However, the experience of working with dacha books from other regions of the country shows that these documents did not cover the entire working population, because a significant part of it evaded taxation. In addition, the yasak books often indicated only those responsible for receiving yasak from a particular taxable unit - villages, camps, families, etc.

So, the local clerks were responsible for a huge area of Ude, Tugur, partially Amguni and Selenge. From the north, it came into contact with the area of operations of the clerks of the May winter quarters, from the west it was bounded by the Stanovy Ridge, in the southwest it closed with the area of operations of the yasach winter quarters of the Albaza uyezd (along the Zee, its tributaries and in the upper reaches of the Amguni), from the south-east it came close to the lands occupied by the Nivkhs. To the south of the Russian possessions there was apparently a group of Evenki people who did not depend on any external influences. In the "Notes" of the French Jesuit Fr. Gerbillon (late 17th century) describes the Uda Valley, "along the banks of which Muscovites have many colonies." Gerbillon also notes the richness of the region: "These places are home to the most precious sables, black foxes and other fur-bearing animals." 50
This is what the Russian possessions in the areas adjacent to the Uda prison looked like at that time. By the end of the 17th century, the first period of development of the Priokhotsk lands by the Russian population was completed. In the Uda district, this development was mainly characterized by the economic inclusion of local residents in the sphere of influence of the Russian administration.

49 Ibid., p. 513.

50 "Russo-Chinese relations in the XVII century", vol. II, Moscow, 1972, p. 756.

page 217


© elib.jp

Permanent link to this publication:

https://elib.jp/m/articles/view/DEVELOPMENT-OF-PRIOKHOTYE-IN-THE-XVII-CENTURY

Similar publications: LJapan LWorld Y G


Publisher:

Haruto MasakiContacts and other materials (articles, photo, files etc)

Author's official page at Libmonster: https://elib.jp/Masaki

Find other author's materials at: Libmonster (all the World)GoogleYandex

Permanent link for scientific papers (for citations):

N. F. DEMIDOVA, DEVELOPMENT OF PRIOKHOTYE IN THE XVII CENTURY // Tokyo: Japan (ELIB.JP). Updated: 19.01.2025. URL: https://elib.jp/m/articles/view/DEVELOPMENT-OF-PRIOKHOTYE-IN-THE-XVII-CENTURY (date of access: 10.02.2025).

Found source (search robot):


Publication author(s) - N. F. DEMIDOVA:

N. F. DEMIDOVA → other publications, search: Libmonster JapanLibmonster WorldGoogleYandex

Comments:



Reviews of professional authors
Order by: 
Per page: 
 
  • There are no comments yet
Related topics
Publisher
Haruto Masaki
Yokohama, Japan
20 views rating
19.01.2025 (22 days ago)
0 subscribers
Rating
0 votes
Related Articles
SEN KATAYAMA AS A HISTORIAN
Catalog: History 
11 days ago · From Haruto Masaki
A. I. KRUSHANOV. VICTORY OF SOVIET POWER IN THE FAR EAST AND TRANSBAIKALIA (1917-APRIL 1918)
Catalog: History Bibliology 
11 days ago · From Haruto Masaki
THOMAS HUBER. THE REVOLUTIONARY ORIGINS OF MODERN JAPAN
11 days ago · From Haruto Masaki
POLITICAL EXILE IN SIBERIA AT THE END OF THE XVIII-BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY. SOURCES AND HISTORIOGRAPHY
Catalog: History 
12 days ago · From Haruto Masaki
AINU PEOPLE
Catalog: Anthropology History 
16 days ago · From Haruto Masaki
M. I. SVETACHEV. Imperialist intervention in Siberia and the Far East (1918-1922)
Catalog: History Bibliology 
16 days ago · From Haruto Masaki
KURILORUSSIA
17 days ago · From Haruto Masaki
ONCE AGAIN ABOUT TSUSHIMA
Catalog: History 
17 days ago · From Haruto Masaki
VICTORY IN THE FAR EAST
17 days ago · From Haruto Masaki
STRENGTHENING OF NEOCONSERVATIVE TENDENCIES IN HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL STUDIES OF BOURGEOIS AUTHORS IN JAPAN
17 days ago · From Haruto Masaki

New publications:

Popular with readers:

News from other countries:

ELIB.JP - Japanese Digital Library

Create your author's collection of articles, books, author's works, biographies, photographic documents, files. Save forever your author's legacy in digital form. Click here to register as an author.
Library Partners

DEVELOPMENT OF PRIOKHOTYE IN THE XVII CENTURY
 

Editorial Contacts
Chat for Authors: JP LIVE: We are in social networks:

About · News · For Advertisers

Digital Library of Japan ® All rights reserved.
2023-2025, ELIB.JP is a part of Libmonster, international library network (open map)
Preserving the Japan heritage


LIBMONSTER NETWORK ONE WORLD - ONE LIBRARY

US-Great Britain Sweden Serbia
Russia Belarus Ukraine Kazakhstan Moldova Tajikistan Estonia Russia-2 Belarus-2

Create and store your author's collection at Libmonster: articles, books, studies. Libmonster will spread your heritage all over the world (through a network of affiliates, partner libraries, search engines, social networks). You will be able to share a link to your profile with colleagues, students, readers and other interested parties, in order to acquaint them with your copyright heritage. Once you register, you have more than 100 tools at your disposal to build your own author collection. It's free: it was, it is, and it always will be.

Download app for Android