UDC 903.2

V. I. Vernadsky Tauride National University

4 Vernadsky Ave., Simferopol, 95007, Ukraine

E-mail: burov@poluostrov.net

The article describes some wooden products made from an ancient peat bog in the settlement of Vis II near the lake. Sindorsky (Komi Republic, Russia) and an attempt is made to define them functionally. A number of items are represented by details of trap traps of an infringing type for fur-bearing animals. Drilling bows with improved bowstring attachment, a bow insert, hoes, details of blinds from sliding windows of chicken dwellings, a hook for household use, a ski, handles of various things, a ball that was probably used for playing, a sculptural image of a person - an object of worship or a toy, etc. are highlighted.

Introduction

The Vis II polychronous settlement near Lake Sindorsky (Komi Republic, Russia) is a unique monument. It is located on the remnant of a sandy terrace above the floodplain, where people lived from the Mesolithic to the early Middle Ages. This settlement includes a peat bog of ancient origin, which has preserved thousands of wooden products of the early stage of the Vanvizda culture (approximately V century AD). Hundreds of them have already been found during excavations in 1962, 1963 and 1966. In terms of the number and variety of these objects, Vis II has no equal among the synchronous monuments of Northern Eurasia that I know of.

The stratigraphy of Vis II is described in detail in the monograph devoted to the antiquities of the Sindor microdistrict (Sindor) (Burov, 1967). The main part of the wooden inventory is described in a series of articles published in Russia and the UK. Some papers give a general overview of the finds [Burov, 1966, p. 165-173; 1968, p. 202-209; Burov, 1996; 2001, p. 222-227], others are devoted to specific topics: bows and arrows [Burov, 1983], fishing shells [Burov, 1984; Burov, 2005], woodworking crafts [Burov, 1993b], other branches of handicraft production [Burov, 2001], sleds [Burov, 1981, 1995]. However, these publications did not complete the introduction of Vis Vanvizda items made from plant materials into scientific circulation. Mostly the subjects of those categories that are represented by single copies were left out of attention. The study of them, as well as the things that make up the series, continued for decades. Conclusions about the purpose of individual items were revised, the functions of others, previously mysterious, were established. What some products were used for, it is still difficult to say with complete certainty. This article presents the results of new research on wooden objects from Visa II.

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1. Komi (1) and Selkup (2) Circassians, a supposed wooden Circassian trigger holder from Visa II (3).

1-according to [Konakov, 1983]; 2-according to [Prokofiev, 1956].

Description of items

Circassian traps of infringing action. In the peat bog, a 7 cm long segmental bar was found made of coniferous wood (which differs from the peat bog wood of birch and similar species in much better preservation - hardness, absence of numerous cracks, etc.). It has three recesses on one side (Figs. 1, 3). Two of them are symmetrically located at narrowed ends and are small, the third is large, located closer to one end than to the other. Earlier, I noted that the product resembles Neolithic stone and bone rods of fishing hooks, but differs from them in the presence of a deep middle notch. At present, the above parallel seems to be unsuccessful. For the rod of the rod hook (Zagorska, 1991, Fig. 5), the bar looks too wide. But most importantly, despite the exceptional subtlety of manufacturing, the deep middle notch has sharp edges (here the section of the part is a regular rectangle), which cannot be said about other sections of the bar. This notch is clearly a special profile, in the form of two connected arcs, of which one, the smaller one, is designed for a stop, and the other, the larger one, is designed for sliding an asymmetrically rounded object, presumably a cherkan trigger.

Circassians among the Russians, Komi, and various peoples of Siberia were used to get ermine and other small fur-bearing animals. The structure of the Siberian cherkan used by the Chum salmon is described in detail by E. A. Alekseenko [1967, p. 59]. An illustration here can be an image of the Selkup Circassian (Figs. 1, 2) [Prokofieva, 1956, p. 4]. 670]. "The basis of the trap," writes E. A. Alekseenko, " was a stan-bough-fork or a thick bird cherry rod bent in half with pointed (for sticking into the ground) ends connected by a transverse plank. Above it, at the ends, there were long longitudinal cutouts. In the middle part of the mill, a larch bow with a tendon string was attached perpendicular to it. The bowstring was tied to a crutch - a flat stick ending in a transverse bar, the ends of which movably entered the longitudinal slots of the forks of the mill. A trigger (a fork-shaped stick) and a gatehouse (a downward-pointed stick with a notch at the upper end) were sequentially attached to the upper end of the mill on a rope." The trap was set at the mink of the animal and alerted the Circassian. The trigger held the bowstring (attached to the upper end of the crutch) with its horns drawn, since its opposite end was fixed by a rope connected to the upper end of the gatehouse, the tip of which was inserted into the hole of the lower transverse bar. The animal, coming out of the hole, touched the gatehouse, which easily slid off. When the trigger came off, it released the bowstring, which quickly lowered the crutch, which pinned the animal. A similar trap, but with a different trigger device, existed in the Komi Republic (Fig. 1, 1) [Konakov, 1983, Fig. 34, a]. The Circan from Vis II was equipped with a slightly more complex trigger mechanism than ethnographic traps. But in all three cases, the same lever principle is used. The findings in the peat bog allow us to reconstruct the Vissky Cherkan.

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2. Supposed wooden parts of the cherkan (1 - 5) and reconstruction of the trigger mechanism of the cherkan (6).

1-onion; 2-4-mill fragments; 5-crutch support.

a-mill; b - trigger holder; c-crutch; d-trigger; e - crutch support; e-rope.

The described segmental bar is designed to be tied in two places (at the ends) to the perforated upper end of the mill using straps. The surface adjacent to it is wider than the opposite one with recesses, and has the shape of an arc in the longitudinal profile. Such features ensured a tight fit of the plank to the mill. It can be considered as a trigger holder. Further reconstruction was performed using an experimental model of the Vissk Cherkan (Figs. 2, 6). In this model, the trigger (not represented in the Visa II collection) is fitted to the middle recess of the holder and has two holes: one for a metal nail, with which the trigger is attached to the crutch, and the other for attaching a rope going to the lower plank. The iron axis in the form of a nail is located 2-3 mm above the edge of the trigger holder, and the trigger rotates freely on the axis. Only in this case, the circlet can be alert and will work when the animal touches the string (the upper end of the trigger will move down). The experiment also showed that the normal operation of the trigger mechanism requires a crutch support attached to it with an iron or wooden nail from the side opposite to that where the trigger is placed.

Experimentally, it was established that the support ledge of the trigger holder, made of pine according to the Vissky pattern, can withstand a static load of at least 10 kg. At the same time, it is unlikely that this holder belonged to the trigger device of a powerful bow that was used on the moose or bear trail, although such bows were obviously on Vis II and had similar devices, but of large size. Judging by the finds at the Vis I settlement, they already existed in the Mesolithic (Burov, 1981, p. 385-386).

The study of the mysterious wooden objects in the Vis II collection made it possible to identify, in addition to the trigger holder, other details that probably belong to Cherkan. The greatest interest is represented by a bar (coniferous wood) with a width of 2.8, a thickness of 0.3 - 0.8 cm with one preserved end (thickened for strength, as in Mesolithic bows) [Ibid., Abb. 2, 3, 5] and one broken off. The object has two pairs of punctured small (0.1 - 0.2 cm in diameter) angular holes, placed just at such a distance from each other as is necessary for tying the hanging trigger holder (Fig. 2, 2). This finding confirms the correctness of the definition of the plank function.

The same category as the described perforated object includes two others, also made of coniferous wood-fragments of bars, one of which (2.7 cm wide) has sections that appeared during the disposal attempt (Figs. 2, 4), but you can see that the end is thickened and there is a hole next to it. True, it is of a larger diameter (0.3 cm) than in the first case, and is placed along the axis of symmetry, i.e. one can think that there were only two holes on the bar for attaching the trigger holder. Consequently, the strap covered the holder, both ends were passed through one hole and connected, probably with the use of a gag stick with an intercept in the middle part and rounded ends. A whole series of such sticks was found in medieval Novgorod (X - XV centuries) - from small ones that served as buttons to products more than 25 cm in length that were used in maritime affairs [Kolchin, 1968, Tables 80, 6, 7]. In the Vis II collection, there is one item made of coniferous wood, which should be considered half a gag about 20 cm long (Figs. 3, 5). The end is asymmetrically rounded, the intercept is bordered by rollers.

Another fragment of the cherkan mill (or sentry bow device) belongs to a large part with a sharp pointed thickening and drilled holes with a diameter of approx. 1 cm (see fig. 2, 3). It is not known exactly how many of them there were, but the significant size of the preserved hole suggests that there could have been only two of them.

Another item (coniferous wood) can be considered as a crutch support (see Figs. 2, 5). This is a 3,8 x 2,4 x 1,1 cm bar, suitable in shape and size.

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Fig. 3. Wooden products.

1, 2-rods; 3-hook; 4, 6-fragments of skis (?); 5-gag (?); 7-fragment of a ski.

Fig. 4. Drilling shafts.

width to the vise trigger holder. Apparently, for some reason, the part was not finished (perforated).

The most important part of the cherkan is the onion. The Vis II collection contains many plates from complex bows (Burov, 1983, Fig. 2), which are too expensive to serve as details of circans. For this purpose, simple products of rough work, but quite significant sizes, are quite suitable. The Circan apparently belonged to a primitive bow in the form of a young coniferous tree trunk with a diameter of up to 3 cm with a combed butt end, on which a notch was made for attaching the bowstring (see Figs. 2, 1). An insignificant part of the opposite end is broken off. Another notch, obviously for the free passage of the crutch, is most likely located in the middle of the bow, which allows you to determine the size of the product. Its length in a straight line is more than 110 cm, and in a straightened form-about 125 cm. The bow was in use and retained its arc-shaped shape.

So, having selected the trigger holder as the initial link in the chain of parts, we install the entire chain consisting of previously mysterious products, and we come to the conclusion that the Vanvizdinsky tribes probably have hunting traps - cherkans with a special type of trigger device.

Drill (or fire) bows with improved bowstring attachment. The Visa II collection contains a significant number of simple bows of various categories and types made of coniferous wood. Mostly unfinished, broken products and fragments of a straight profile are presented, i.e. without traces of use (Burov, 1983, Fig. 1, 1, 2; 2, 3]. There are two distinct subjects in this series. One of them is an arc - shaped beam with a broken end (Fig. 4, 1). The length of the preserved part of the product is 40.7 cm in a straight line, and 44.5 cm in a straightened form. The beam is made of a thin rod that partially retains its natural cylindrical shape. The cross-section is lenticular. The specificity of the bow is that on the remaining pointed end, in addition to the recesses for the bowstring, a rectangular hole of 0.9 x 0.6 cm is made 3 cm from them. Its function is beyond doubt: as shown by the study of an experimental copy of this onion, it is possible to-

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Fig. 5. Figurine (1), insert product (2) and blind plates (3-5).

stie is designed to securely fasten the bowstring. A new drill bow (and the product under consideration obviously served as a part of a bow drill) [Semenov, 1968, Fig. 16, 14; 56] can be almost straight in operation, and the bowstring in such conditions easily slips or breaks off, breaking off the edges of the intercept or ledges. In order to prevent this, the intercept is cut so that its steep edges do not face the middle of the bow, but the hole. The bowstring is passed through a hole on the inside of the bow, bifurcated, its ends cover the intercept ledges and are connected on the same inner side. Now the load falls mainly on the strong edge of the hole and only to a small extent on the intercept.

Unraveling the specifics of the described beam sheds light on the function of another product of a similar type, but direct (Fig. 4, 3). It also has a rectangular hole at the end (0.8 x 0.4 cm) and a similar intercept, but the distance between them is larger (13 cm) and there is another one 10 cm away from this intercept. The length of the fragment is slightly more than 25 cm; therefore, it is possible that the product had a third intercept. This is an improved version of the bow - with easily adjustable string tension by selecting the appropriate intercept. This device is most suitable for drilling bows. The use of a hole for fixing the bowstring, although simpler, took place as early as the Mesolithic (Burov, 1981, Abb. 2; 3, 2; 5, 1, 2; 7, 1, 5; 8, 3, 6].

At the settlement of Visa II, a smaller arc-shaped bow with broken ends (Figs. 4, 2) and simple straight-profile bows that could have been used for drilling, trap accessories, and children's toys were also found. The two bows described are suitable for producing fire, but kresala probably already existed in the Vanvizda period; they are known in the Upper Kama region at the Agafonov stage of the VI-VII centuries. [Goldina, 1985, fig. 16, 71]. Therefore, these bows were most likely parts of drills.

Insert product. An unexpected find was a flattened ellipsoid cross-section object made of deciduous wood (Fig. 5, 2). In its expanded middle part, two longitudinal sharp - bottomed grooves with a length of 3.5 cm and a width of 0.5 - 0.6 cm are symmetrically hollowed out, and at one (thinner) end, unfortunately broken off, a deep flat-bottomed one with a width of 0.3 - 0,4 cm. All the grooves are filled with clay mass: the middle ones are completely filled, and in the end one there is a rectangular cavity from the object with a width of 0.9 and a thickness of no more than 0.3 - 0.4 cm. The same mass covers the surface areas. The length of the preserved part of the object is 20.4 cm, the width at the break (2.1 cm) and at the opposite end (2.2 cm) is almost the same, and the thickness in the first case is much less. This is clearly the basis of an insert product of the category that appeared in the Upper Paleolithic, became widespread in the Mesolithic period, and was preserved on the Seimin-Turbin monuments of North-Eastern Europe. In the Stone Age, inserts were made in the form of flint microliths, and in the Bronze Age, they were made from flakes with the use of continuous flat retouching, giving geometric outlines (Bader, 1964, Fig.

In the middle grooves of the vissk product, thin plates, apparently trapezoidal in shape, possibly fragments of iron knives, were obviously fixed with a clay mass, and an object with a quadrangular petiole in cross-section, probably an iron arrowhead or knife, was impaled on the end [Burov, 1967, Tables XXXIII, 5, 13-15].. The Vanvizdins, knowing the technique of making coarse flint scrapers, did not make other products from flint.

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Fig. 6. Hoes.

The lack of a hand rest and the smallness of the handle indicate that the insert product was hardly used as a dagger. It could have served as a throwing weapon, similar to Mesolithic batons [Burov, 1993a, Figs. 6, 2, 3]. The fact that the insert weapon, like the flint scraper, survived its age among the Vanvizda tribes explains the use of a weak clay binder composition: the use of a much higher-quality substance, resin, was, in fact, the most important element of the invention."apparently forgotten."

Hoes. In the Visa II peat bog, two or three hoes (made of coniferous wood) were found, the purpose of which may be related to agriculture, gathering, or simply earthworks. 6, 1). The working part was the outer layer of the tree trunk, the handle was an arc-shaped branch. A wedge pointed in profile with a rounded working edge is slightly bent to the handle, the end of which is retracted. The wedge is mostly rectangular in cross-section, and only its working part has an additional edge on the outside. The dimensions of the product are quite significant: the length of the gun is 64.3 cm, the wedge is 27.0 cm, its width is 7.3-7.5 cm.

The closest analogs of the described hoe are the tools of Staraya Ladoga of the VII-X centuries. [Korzukhina, 1971, p. 123-127]. A whole specimen from its oldest horizon differs only in its straight handle and longer length (90 cm) [Orlov, 1954, p. 345, Fig. 3, 3]. The hoes of Novgorod of the X - XV centuries are similar: one of them (XI century), with a length of about 84 cm, has the same arched handle, another, larger one, is similar to the Old Ladoga one [Kolchin, 1968, p. 17, 18, Fig. 6, 1, 2]. Motyga from the Slavic settlement of Wildberg north-west of Berlin is quite close to the find from Vis II [Vogt, 1975, p. 500, Abb. 3, 5]. Up to the 19th century, similar products were used in the territory of the present-day Vologda Oblast in slash-and-burn agriculture and in Belarus for loosening the soil in vegetable gardens (Orlov, 1954, p.345).

The second hoe (Fig. 6, 2) is smaller: the width of the oval wedge broken off at both ends in cross-section is only 3.2-3.6 cm, its length was approx. 21 cm. The main feature of the wedge is the presence of a pair of side recesses, indicating that the gun had a tip. Hoes with tethered stone, horn or iron tips were widely used in primitive agriculture in South America and Africa, for example in Patagonia [Lippert, 1902, p. 36] and Cameroon [Lips, 1961, obr. 58]. A curved stick made of coniferous wood, similar to the handles of the two tools described, was also found on Vis II.

Vis hoes, although they could be used for digging graves, hearth pits, etc., in gathering, still serve as a serious indication of the beginnings of agriculture among the Vanvizda tribes, who began to develop cattle breeding. However, Yu. A. Krasnov believes that the hoe in ancient times was an auxiliary tool for primary tillage, yielding in its significance, in particular ,to "digging sticks" [1971, p. 21-53].

Window blind. A series of three copies consists of slats cut out of kindling (coniferous wood) for oval cross-section with hollowed square holes, placed in one case at approximately equal intervals (approx. 16 cm), in the other - with different ones (14 and 3 cm). All three items (see Figs. 5, 3 - 5) are represented by fragments, one of which was disposed of (see Figs. 5, 4). The findings are similar to the details of blinds from Novgorod, sewn with rawhide belts along the edges and in the middle or only along the edges (Kolchin, 1968, Fig.75). However, these slats are wedge-shaped in cross-section and joined one to the other overlap. Their length is 22.5 and 23.5 cm, and the hanging ones are at least 34 cm. According to B. A. Kolchin, Novgorod blinds could be used in sliding windows of chicken dwellings [Ibid., p. 85]. If the confectionery products had the same purpose, then they were probably completely covered with leather or fur for the necessary compaction.

Hooks. In the dwellings, however, hooks were obviously used. One of them, with the top cut off (the length of the preserved part is 17.3 cm), is cut from a curved piece of wood, perhaps from the trunk of a broken but surviving tree; the spike is pointed (see Figs. 3, 3).

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Figure 7. Mysterious objects. 1-a stick with an intercept at the end; 2-a stick with a head; 3-a household or fishing hook; 4 - a handle of a miniature product; 5-a sculptural image (?).

In Novgorod are collected, along with wall hanging hooks, reminiscent of vissky, but they have a massive bottom (carved from a piece of wood with a branch extending) and a blunt spike. In the upper part there is a head, intercept or hole for the rope. Clothes, dishes, etc. were hung on hooks from 8 to 40 cm long.

7, 3). The length of the preserved part is 10.7 cm, and the total product is at least 11.5 cm. A whole single-spike fishing hook made of wood (for pike) from Visa II has a length of 8.9 cm, but three-spike ones reach 13.3 cm [Burov, 1984, p. 160]. At the same time, the weak curvature of the product in question indicates that this is a hook for hanging.

Ball. The original find is a ball (diameter 5.5 and 6.3 cm) made of a trunk or branch of a deciduous tree with a diameter of approx. 6.1 cm (figs. 8, 8). It can be considered as a child's toy or an accessory of some game.

Skis. A ski fragment should be considered a flat object (made of deciduous wood) with a thickness of mostly 0.8 cm with sides with a height of approx. 0.5 cm at the edges (see Figs. 3, 7). By the end, the product narrows and thickens, resembling Mesolithic vis skis-

Figure 8. Ball (8) and handles of various products.

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of the Russian type [Burov, 1989, fig. 2, 1; 3], in contrast to which it has a hole on the axis of symmetry. The maximum width of the ski is at least 16 cm. Two more artifacts made of deciduous wood (see Fig. 3, 6) and coniferous (see Figs. 3, 4) rocks may be fragments of products similar to the described one.

Unidentified items. Two oval-round cross-section sticks carved from deciduous wood remain mysterious in function (see Figs. 3, 1, 2). Large straight handles with a mushroom-shaped (see Figs. 8, 2, 3) and rounded (see Figs. 8, 7) end, with a blade (see Figs. 8, 1, 9) and one-sided expansion (see Figures 8, 5, 6): one of the latter is cut from coniferous wood and has a hole, apparently for hanging (see Figures 8, 5); the rest are made of hardwood. The wreckage may belong to paddles, ski poles, botals (devices for driving fish into a net) or other products. One handle made of hardwood-from a small object such as a spoon (see figs. 7, 4).

The existence of wooden ladles or ladles in the Vanvizda period is indirectly indicated by a curved handle with a blade at the end, carved from hardwood (see 8, 10). Item length 34.5 cm, blade width 2.6 cm. Ladles and spoons with similar handles were found in Novgorod (Kolchin, 1968, pl. 27, 6; 29, 4; 31, 1; 32, 4].

Apparently, the part of the oar was a cylindrical pommel (hardwood) with a diameter of 2.5 cm with a groove of 2.5 x 1.1 cm, which was heavily tinted from use (see Figs. 8, 4). Similar details complete the handles of some oars from Novgorod. They are also characteristic of oars used by the Komi, Komi-Permyaks, and Ob-Ugric peoples (Burov, 1984, p. 165).

It is difficult to determine the purpose of products (made of coniferous wood), from which sticks with a head or intercept have been preserved (see Figs. 7, 1, 2). However, they resemble nichenki-details of a loom. Wood (Burov, 2001, p. 127, 128) and clay spinning rods (Burov, 1967, Tables XXXIII, 16, 21) are found on Vis II, but spindles are not identified (frequent finds in medieval Novgorod).

Sculpture. 5, 1). The sculptural image of a person on a pedestal may have been made in the technique of step chipping along annual layers, but it is more likely that the product was located for some time before entering the peat bog. in conditions that are unfavorable for the safety of wood (for example, in sand or running water), as a result of which it has acquired some roughness and stepiness of the surface. The nose, eye sockets, chin, ears, neck, shoulders, arms folded on the stomach, legs, tapering headdress are shown. The figure resembles some bronze plaques that are close in time to the Vanvizda culture (Burov, 1992, Fig. 2, 6]. It served as a cult object or toy.

There are no close parallels for another object made of coniferous wood (see Figs. 7, 5), which, however, can presumably be seen as an unfinished sculptural image of a person - a children's toy or an imitation of a bronze cult plaque (Spitsyn, 1906, Fig. 416). In general outline, the product is slightly similar to the wooden sculpture described above.

Conclusion

As can be seen from the above, individual categories of wooden products from Visa II are represented by single copies. However, since only about 1/20 of the area of the cultural layer has been uncovered on the peat bog of this settlement, there is no doubt that further excavations will not only find new fishing devices, but also increase the number of wooden products (parts of sledges, oars, hunting and drilling bows, arrows, parts of cockroaches, fishing hooks, botalas, spatulas). for working with clay, axes, adze handles, buttons, spinning rods, scrapers, combs, blinds plates, etc.), but also unique finds will become mass-produced. Undoubtedly, items of unknown categories and types will also be discovered. After all, in terms of the number of categories, the wooden inventory of Vis II sharply exceeds the collections of objects made of bone, metal, clay, flint and glass.

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The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 15.10.07.

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