/Ed. Tsetskhladze Gocha R. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, , 1998 (Historia: Einzelschriften, Ht 121). 336 S. III.

(c) 2000

It is gratifying that in recent years, Russian scientists, overcoming their former isolation from their foreign colleagues, have become more and more integrated into world science, there are more and more international projects, publications, archaeological expeditions with the participation of Russian historians and archaeologists, our scientists actively participate in international conferences, train abroad, and become publishers of joint works. ¹ . The West is rediscovering Russian historical and archaeological science, which, as it turned out, has something to enrich the world's ancient studies.

In recent years, G. R. Tsetskhladze has played a significant role in establishing scientific bridges between our and Western historical science. Being a qualified specialist in the field of ancient archeology and history, especially the Greek colonization of the Black Sea coast2, he devotes a lot of effort to publishing joint collections of works by domestic and foreign specialists ³ . One of the publications of this kind was the book reviewed here. As the title suggests, the book is devoted to the problems of Greek colonization of the Black Sea coast and involves a historical interpretation of the archaeological material accumulated in recent years, or a reinterpretation of long-known facts of an archaeological nature.

The book consists of a short introduction written by G. R. Tsetskhladze and 16 articles by Russian, Bulgarian, British, Romanian and Israeli researchers. All articles are published in English and German, which makes the ideas and materials of Eastern European historians accessible to Western colleagues.

In the introduction, G. R. Tsetskhladze emphasizes that in recent years, the problems associated with Greek colonization have increasingly become the subject of scientific discussions. The publisher, when forming the collection of articles, proceeded from the following considerations:: 1) the Black Sea region is the least known in Western antiquity studies; 2) now that political obstacles and restrictions have been removed, it is necessary to combine the efforts of Western and Eastern European researchers, as this volume demonstrates; 3) a synthesis of various disciplines of antiquity - archeology, epigraphy, history, linguistics and philology-is necessary in order to achieve success in the study of Greek colonization therefore, the volume contains the works of specialists from all these fields of knowledge; 4) it is important that the authors not only analyze new data from archeology and epigraphy, but also use them to try to confirm or reject old concepts and ideas.

The first and most extensive article of the collection is written by G. R. Tsetskhladze (Greek Colonization of the Black Sea Area: Stages, Models, and Native Population). It is not by chance that it opens a collection and it is not by chance that it is so voluminous. The author tried to show in it

¹ See, for example, two recently launched monumental series of works on the history and archeology of the ancient Northern Black Sea region and Eurasian steppe peoples, published in two languages in cooperation with the German Archaeological Institute by A. I. Ivanchik and Yu. G. Vinogradov: Steppe Peoples of Eurasia / Steppenvolker Eurasiens. Vol. I / Ed. by A. I. Ivanchik and G. Parzinger Moscow, 1997; Pontus Septentrionalis, T. I. / Edited by T. M. Arsenyeva, B. Betger, and Yu. G. Vinogradov, Moscow, 1998.

² He wrote about 200 articles and a recently published monograph: Tsetskhladze G. R. Die Griechen in der Kolchis (historisch-archaologischer AbriB) / Ubers. von B. Bottger. Amsterdam, 1998.

³ This is primarily the international series "Colloquia Pontica. Publications on the Archaeology and Ancient History of the Black Sea", founded and published by G. R. Tsetskhladze, which included the following volumes: V. I. New Studies on the Black Sea Littoral. Oxf., 1991; V. II. Bounegru O., Zafiariade M.. Forces Navales du Bas Danube et de la Mer Noire aux I ^er-VI ^e Siecles. Oxf., 1996; V. III. Landscapes in Flux. Central and Eastern Europe in Antiquity. Oxf., 1997; V. IV. Solovyev S.L. Ancient Berezan: The Architecture, History and Culture of the First Greek Colony in the Northern Black Sea. Leiden, 1999; see also collections of articles prepared by him in recent years, which fully represent the works of Russian historians and archaeologists: Greek and Roman Settlements on the Black Sea Coast. Bradford, 1994; The Archaeology of Greek Colonisation. Essays dedicated to Sir John Boardman / Ed. G.R. Tsetskhladze, F. de Angelis. Oxf., 1994; Ancient Greeks: West and East. Leiden, 1999 (Mnemosyne, Suppl. 196); Northern Pontus: New Discoveries and Interpretations. Oxf. (in print).

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achievements of researchers in the study of Greek colonization of all regions of the Black Sea and introduce the reader to the latest finds, publications and discussions. This very useful review aims to overcome the disunity of historians from different Black Sea countries and give an integrated picture of the complex and ambiguous development of Greek culture on the Black Sea coast in the Archaic and classical eras in its interaction with local peoples and tribes, to find common and specific features in the history of each region of the Black Sea region.

The following four articles are written by Bulgarian researchers. In the article" Greek Concepts of the North and the East: Mastering the Black Sea Area " (Greek Ideas of the North and the East: Mastering the Black Sea Area) Maya Vasileva emphatically (and, in my opinion, rightly) states that the synthesis of archaeology and written sources, which is necessary for solving historical problems, is worst of all with the latter, because a serious study of them is still lacking. Starting from ^the definition of the early cosmological thought of the Greeks expressed by V. N. Toporov4 as sacral and then for a long time remaining formative in the historical narrative. Vasilyeva tries to determine the place and functions of ancient authors ' information about the Cimmerians, Hyperboreans, Amazons, Phrygians and other (semi -) mythical peoples of the north-east of the Ecumene. The demythologization and historicization of mythical peoples, who originally represented the border between light and darkness, heaven and earth, life and death, created in ancient literature a bizarre jumble of real information about real peoples with a residual mythologism of their cosmological characteristics (in particular, gold, usually associated with Phrygia, Phryx, Argonauts, northern griffins, etc., is the most important element of the ancient world). a mythological attribute of the underworld or underworld). In this regard, M. Vasileva calls into question the existence of the so-called "Cimmerian culture" in the Northern Black Sea region, which is usually attributed to archaeological finds of the Preskythian period. The researcher has the same doubts about the early dating of the Argonauts myth to Colchis (Aya). She connects the myth itself with the appropriation of Asia Minor by the Greeks (the southern coast of the Black Sea, famous for Hittite-Khalib metalworking). The author assumes that the source of early information about the Cimmerians and Phrygians is in the Lydian tradition, which became known to the Greeks quite early, and explains the connection of the Cimmerians, Hyperboreans and Amazons with the Northern Black Sea Coast by transferring some "realities" from the southern coast of the sea to the northern one - an idea not so new as it is presented convincingly and taking into account new archaeological and linguistic data.

Short article " Pontic Connections: The Cult of Sabazius "(Pontic Interactions: The Cult of Sabazios) is written by the famous researcher of Thracian mythology and religion A. Folom. The author continues to study the remnants of the pagan cult of the Thracian deity Sabazius, which he considers to be a deity of Thracian Dionysianism in the framework of local Orphism, which is not connected with the Greek literary tradition, and which are still preserved in the rural cults and rituals of Bulgaria and Northern Greece.

M. Lazarev's article is called " Notes on the Greek colonization of the Western Black Sea Region. Written sources and archaeological sites" (Notizen zur griechischen Kolonisation am westlichen Schwarzen Meer. Schriftquelle und archaologische Denkmaler). The author focuses on the problem of dating the foundation of Greek colonies on the western coast of the Black Sea (mainly on the modern Bulgarian coast) and their relations with previous settlements. The article compares early archaeological finds and data from ancient written sources indicating the foundation of the Greek colonies of Apollonia, Anchiala, Mesembria, Odessa, and Krun-Dionysopolis. Bison and Caron Limena. The author comes to the conclusion that the archaeological data are still insufficient for judging the exact time of the colonies ' origin, although in general they confirm that the colonies did not appear earlier than the time known from the literary tradition. At the same time, most of the names (except for Apollonia and Krun-Dionysopolis) are clearly of local origin, which indicates the existence of local settlements on the site of future Greek cities.

The article" Apollonia Pontica: Recent Discoveries in the Necropolis " (Apollonia Pontica: Recent Discoveries in the Necropolis) was written by K. Panayotova. It summarizes the results of archaeological excavations conducted in 1992-1994 at the necropolis of Apollonia , the largest Greek colony in the Western Black Sea region. In the course of the excavations, the following objects were found:-

⁴ See Toporov V. N. On cosmological sources of early historical descriptions / / Proceedings on sign systems. Issue 6. Tartu, 1973, pp. 106-150.

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72 funerary complexes and various funerary structures were investigated. The new material complements Panayotova's observations made in her dissertation, which was defended in Sofia in 1989 and was devoted to the burial rite and grave construction in the Greek colonies of the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. The article classifies the types of burials, describes the finds in the graves, examines the so-called ritual sites where fire was lit and sacrifices were made in honor of the dead. The latter structures are recognized by the researcher as characteristic of the entire Greek world, including the Northern Black Sea region. The conclusions that Panayotova draws are reduced to the following provisions: 1 ) The burials date from the second half of the IV century to the beginning of the III century BC; 2) some burials are separated into separate complexes, separated from other burials by fences; 3) the citizens of Apollonia practiced very ancient funeral rites, including burning victims and libations; 4) the quantity and quality of things placed in the grave indicate a highly developed culture. the city's economy and insignificant social stratification; 5) Imported items show the economic ties of Apollonia and its central place in the Black Sea basin trade.

The Romanian historian A. Avram publishes in the article "P. Vinicius and Callatis. Towards the beginning of Roman control over Greek cities on the western coast of the Euxine Pontus "(R. Vinicius und Kallatis. Zum Beginn der romischen Kontrolle der griechischen Stadte an der Pontos Euxeinos) analyzes eight epigraphic monuments from the Greek city of Kallatis, which reflected the relations of the Romans with the city, and seeks to determine the date of the beginning of Roman power in the Western Black Sea region, In contrast to its predecessors (primarily A. Stefan, who attributed this date to the time immediately after Based on epigraphic criteria for dating inscriptions, Abram concludes that the decisive moment in establishing Roman rule over Western Pontus was the mission of the consul of 2 AD Publius Vinicius in 3-2 BC in Thrace and Macedonia, as a result of which he became patron of the Roman Empire. and a benefactor of Callatis. As always, the author's work is distinguished, on the one hand, by philological akribia, on the other-by a broad historical view of the problem, which makes it possible to draw analogies from the entire Hellenic world.

Article by the British historian J. R. R. Tolkien Hynda is devoted to the problem of Megarian Colonization in the Western Half of the Black Sea (Sister - and Daughter-Cities of Herakleia). The author traces the ways and time of the penetration of Megarians into the Black Sea region, the circumstances of their emigration from their homeland, the stages of colonization of the Straits and the Southern Black Sea region. Hynd pays special attention to the founding and development of the main Megarian colony-Heraclea, which in turn founded a number of colonies on the western coast of Pontus: Mesembria, Kallatis, and also Tauric Chersonesus in the Crimea. Hynde's research is devoted to these cities. As for the time of the foundation of Chersonesus - an issue that has been actively discussed recently - the author takes a cautious position here, not rushing, after Yu. G. Vinogradov and M. I. Zolotarev, to delay the emergence of the polis by one hundred years (the end of the VI century BC). Hynde points out a revision of the dates of individual objects that were previously dated to the first half of the V century. B.C. and after S. Yu. Saprykin, whose article on the foundation of Chersonesus is published in the same collection, is inclined to believe that the first time on the site of Chersonesus was Emporium (founded by the Greeks of Olbia and Kerkinitida), which only later, after the arrival of colonists from Heraclea and Delos in the late V - early IV century BC, developed into a polis. Hynde also believes that the Delians, whose participation in the founding of the Chersonese is reported by Pseudo-Skymnus (826-831), are not residents of the island of Delos, but of Delion, located on the Boeotian coast in the territory of Tanagra. It was from here that the colonists left with the Megarians (co) to found Heraclea, and in this Hynd sees quite sufficient reasons for the participation of the Delians in the founding of the daughter colonies of Heraclea. According to the author, Chersonesos was founded somewhere between 424 and 375 BC on the Mayachny Peninsula, although he admits that this point is not shared by most researchers now.

The great contribution of Yu. G. Vinogradov to the ancient epigraphy of the Northern Black Sea region is well known. His article "The Greek Colonization of the Black Sea Region in the Light of Private Lead Letters" is devoted, in particular, to the study and publication of letters scratched on scroll plates. It contains 19 letters known in the ancient world on lead tablets; it is noteworthy that 10 of them were found in the Northern Black Sea region. The article publishes four newly found emails. The first one comes from excavations in Berezan, dates back to

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in the middle of the third quarter of the sixth century BC. It contains a reference to a slave, and this gives the author of the article an opportunity to collect all the information from the local epigraphy of the archaic period about slavery in the Northern Black Sea region and draw a conclusion about the significant development of slavery here in this era. This conclusion is also confirmed by the second letter from Phanagoria, dated 30-10 years of the VI century BC. It mentioned the slave Faillus, brought for sale from Borysthenes. Vinogradov believes that the letter was written by one of the first colonists of Phanagoria, founded shortly after 547 BC. It also indicates the existence of early economic links between Phanagoria and Olbia, where the slave was taken from. The third published letter comes from Olbia and dates back to the last quarter of the sixth century BC. Its contents, due to the fragmentary nature of the text, are almost indecipherable, but it is clear that it indicates the prosperity of domestic crafts in ancient Olbia. The letter on a lead plate (the fourth) was found on the coast of the Gulf of Odessa and is dated by Yu. G. Vinogradov to the middle or third quarter of the 5th century BC. This letter is about some kind of unclear conflict between Protagoras and someone who probably lives in the metropolis of this settlement (Olbia?, Tyre?, Nikonia?). In the appendix to the article, Yu. G. Vinogradov gives a new interpretation of the famous lead letter of the first half of the fifth century BC from ancient Sigeon (Southern Gaul, modern times). Pech-Maho), written in Etruscan and Greek and describing the complex mechanism of commercial relations in the early classical period.

In the article by M. Y. Treister "Ionia and the Northern Black Sea region. Archaic Metal Production: Tradition and New Features " (lonia and the North Pontic Area. Archaic Metalworking: Tradition and Innovation) aims to trace the links between the archaic metallurgy of the Greek cities of the Northern Black Sea region (its existence is recorded in Berezani, Olbia and its Chora, in Nikonia, Myrmekia, Panticapaea, Phanagoria and Torik) and their metropolis - Miletus. The research is based on foundry molds and dies found in the cities of the Northern Black Sea region. The author comes to the conclusion that among the early metallurgists who worked in this region and produced art objects of the Scythian animal style, Scythian artisans were hardly present. Milesian (and possibly Ephesian and Lydian) artists who arrived in the Northern Black Sea region together with the colonists could reproduce the motifs and works of Middle Eastern art that influenced both Ionian and Scythian art, and thus quickly adapt to the tastes of the inhabitants of the Northern Black Sea steppes and even influence the development of the Scythian animal style.

In his short article "Olbia and Berezan: The Early Pottery", the patriarch of ancient archaeology and especially of ancient Greek ceramic production, John Boardman (Great Britain), dated the earliest samples of ceramics found in the Olbia and Berezan area to the last third of the 7th century BC (in response to attempts to make it more ancient). their dates). The earliest finds from Berezan and Chersonese were acquired at the beginning of the century from private traders, and their origin from the Northern Black Sea region, and not from Greece, is very doubtful.

In the article "Archaic Berezan: Historical-Archaeological Essay" S.L. Solovyov critically examines the possibility of the existence of a Greek settlement on Berezan already in the third quarter of the 7th century BC. Several fragments of Greek ceramics of this time (and even then dated recently to a later time) found on Berezan They can not indicate the permanent residence of the Greeks here, but only about their occasional (later regular) visits to this region. Painted ceramics, fragments of which are found here, according to the author, are gifts to the local tribal elite from the first colonists-scouts. The time of the foundation of the first Greek settlement on Berezan (judging by the excavated dwellings) falls, in his opinion, approximately at the end of the VII century BC. The author divides the first period of existence of the Berezan settlement (70-80 years) into two parts, the border between which runs at the end of the first and beginning of the second quarter of the VI century. At first, the settlement on Berezani was a mixed barbarian-Greek one, the main occupation of the inhabitants was the trade of grain produced in the Scythian Hinterland, and its exchange for wine of the Greek metropolis. In the second half of this period, dwellings clearly built by the Greeks appear, and the barbaric stucco ceramics are replaced by Greek ones made on a potter's wheel, although many features of the local tribes remain. Although there are no inscriptions confirming the existence of a polis here, there is no doubt that a Greek colony, at least as a trading post, existed on Berezan. It is only at the end of the third quarter of the sixth century that the real Greek language appears here.

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polis, many aspects of life take on a typically Greek character. At the end of the sixth century, according to Solovyov, one of the Greek settlements on the banks of the Bug-Dnieper Estuary, created by the Berezans to control the situation in the coastal areas, was transformed into the Polis Olbia. Rivalry with Olbia and the changing situation in the Scythian steppes at the beginning of the fifth century undermined the economic, political and cultural significance of the Berezan polis, and by the third century it had become first an emporium of Olbia and then a settlement.

The article by S.Y. Saprykin (The Foundation of Tauric Chersonesus) is devoted to the foundation of Tauric Chersonesus. The traditional point of view on the time of the foundation of Chersonesus is based on the evidence of Pseudo-Skimnus (822-830) and dates the foundation of the colony in the Crimea by the Heracleots together with the Delians to 422-421 BC. The author, without revising this date, examines in detail the situation in Heraclea, which led to the withdrawal of the colony in the Crimea, and the circumstances of its foundation in the Quarantine Zone. the bay, at the intersection of the main trade routes of the Northern Black Sea region. Several early fragments of pottery (VI-V centuries) are attributed to the Ionian Greeks, who used the Quarantine Bay as a parking lot for ships even before the founding of Apoikia by the Heracleots. The absence of architectural and funerary remains of the first half of the fifth century also convinces the author of the late dating of the foundation of Chersonesos. Further, the author mentions about 200 fragments of ceramics found in the last 20 years of the VI-V centuries and 25 ostracons of the V century, which made it possible for Yu. G. Vinogradov and M. I. Zolotarev to assume that the foundation of the city occurred much earlier - at the end of the VI century BC. In my opinion, Saprykin's strongest argument in this controversy is the absence of a necropolis in Chersonesos earlier than the end of the fifth and beginning of the fourth centuries, coinage, which appears only in the 390s and 380s, as well as agricultural chora, which was formed in the same years. The complete redevelopment and destruction of previous building structures observed at the end of the fifth and beginning of the fourth centuries show the lack of continuity between the earlier Greek settlement and the new Heraclea colony, which has pronounced Dorian features. The author comes to the conclusion (suggested by M. I. Rostovtsev and V. V. Lapin) that before the Heraclea colony, founded at the end of the fifth century, there was a certain Greek settlement here, founded by non-Dorian Greeks (possibly Olvians) at the end of the sixth century (although it is not clear how Saprykin's observation about the absence of a Greek colony in the up to the end of the fifth century. remains of graves and necropolis). As for the settlement on the Mayachny Peninsula, S. Y. Saprykin is inclined to believe that it was the first military-economic settlement of Chersonesos, aimed at reclaiming land on the Heraclea Peninsula from the Taurians, the local population who owned fertile land. The author's observations on the development of the Chersonese agricultural chora and the relationship between the Greeks and the Taurians, based on the results of recent archaeological excavations, are also interesting.

The problems of Greek colonization of the Bosporus are considered in the article"Greek Colonization of the Bosporus"by G. A. Koshelenko and V. D. Kuznetsov. The authors analyze the natural conditions characteristic of the region before the beginning of colonization. They characterize changes in the level of the Black and Azov Seas, as well as tectonic shifts of the Earth's crust from antiquity to the present day. Then a brief outline of the history of studying the colonization of the Bosporus in Russian historiography is given. The authors describe further the archaeological material of the first stages of colonization of the Bosporus. The earliest examples of Greek pottery found here date back to the first half of the sixth century, so the authors believe that the foundation of the Bosporan cities (Panticapaea, Nymphaea, Theodosia, Myrmekia, Tirithaki, Hermonassa, Kep, Patreia and the settlement that remains of the Tuzla burial ground) should be erected not to the 40s of the sixth century, but rather to the 40s of the sixth century. accepted in the literature, and by the period 580-560. The second colonization wave occurred in 550-520, when Phanagoria and about 25 new settlements were founded on the Taman Peninsula. The third wave (520-480) was associated with the events in Miletus (the"Ionian Revolution"), after which many new settlers appeared in the Northern Black Sea region; about 30 new settlements were founded on the Bosporus (mainly in the Asian part). The researchers leave open the question of whether the establishment of new settlements was an act of internal colonization or a consequence of the influx of fresh waves of colonists from the Mediterranean. A brief analysis of written sources undertaken later in the article shows that they generally do not contradict the data of archaeological materials and sometimes provide valuable information about the founders of colonies and the relationship between Greeks and barbarians. Further, the authors consider ethno-

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the political situation in the Cimmerian Bosporus during the period of Greek colonization, namely, the development of Scythian society, which just by the end of the seventh century had acquired certain ethnic and cultural contours. The Greek invasion of the Bosporus almost coincided with the beginning of the activity of the Scythians in this region, who only after about 585 made the northern Black Sea steppes their main habitat. However, the finds of some Greek vases of the late seventh and early sixth centuries in Scythian burials on the Bosporus territory suggest the presence of some Scythian population on the shores of the Kerch Strait already at the beginning of Greek colonization.

The article by the Israeli researcher D. Asheri "The Achaeans and the Heniochi: Reflections on the Origins and History of a Greek Rhetorical Topos" is devoted to the problem of the Caucasian tribes of the Achaeans and Geniochi and their perception in Greek literature. How could it be that the most brutal and savage tribes of the Caucasus have names based on purely Greek words and concepts: Achaeans are the ancient name of the Greeks, and legends tell about the Boeotians who came here, led by the sons of Ares, or about the Phthiotic Achaeans among the Argonauts, or about the Myrmidonians led by Achilles; Geniochs (lit. in Greek, "charioteers") were constantly associated with the divine Dioscuri? When, how and for what purpose did this ideological and rhetorical topos, which has been exploited for many centuries, arise? These are the questions posed by D. Asheri. The article is a worthy example of a detailed, scrupulous analysis of the origin and life of the image of ancient peoples in ancient literature (in this case, the Achaeans and Geniochs), conducted from all available sources, highlighting various traditions, textual analysis of some key texts, with constant reference to the ideological and political context of a particular statement. The topos of barbarization (possible or actual) of the Greeks living in a barbaric environment constantly worried the Greeks, especially in the context of extensive colonization activities.

British historian of ancient Transcaucasia D. Braund in his article "Writing and Re-Inventing Colonial Origins: Problems from Colchis and the Bosporus" describes how the ancient literary tradition preserved or recreated information and legends about the founding of the Greek colonies in Colchis and the Bosporus, as well as about the founders themselves. He points out the difficulty of interpreting the literary tradition of the founding of cities in the archaic period, since at that time there was no historiography as such. Most of the news is preserved in poetic works, in which it is very difficult to separate the subjective or poetic-mythological from the historically real. Several examples considered by the author (the texts of Archilochus, Argonauticus, Hipponact of Ephesus, Thucydides, etc.) just demonstrate what problems a researcher of the early stages of colonization faces. D. Braund's subtle observations show that the construction (even relatively late) of legends about the founding of cities served to identify the Greeks who once founded the city, and often these legends speak more about the era in which they were created than about the times described in them.

The collection is completed by A. I. Ivanchik's article" The foundation of Sinope and the problems of the initial phase of the Greek colonization of the Black Sea region " (Die Griindung von Sinope und die Probleme der Anfangsphase der Schwarzmeergebietes). The author examines in detail, using archaeological and epigraphic sources, all texts related to the founding of Sinope, a Greek colony on the southern shore of the Black Sea. The text of the anonymous "Peripla of Pontus Euxinus", which goes back to the "Peripla" of Pseudo-Skimnus, is studied here especially carefully (one can say monographically). A. I. Ivanchik analyzes all the versions of the foundation of Sinope that the geographer cites, and determines the most likely ones. Based on written data and synchronization of events related to the founding of Sinope and Istria, and the invasion of Cimmerians and Scythians in Asia Minor, the author confirms the historicity of the date of the foundation of Sinope, given by Eusebius, - the beginning of the last quarter of the VII century BC.

We see, therefore, that the articles of the authors of the collection give a holistic view of the models of Greek colonization of all the regions of the Black Sea coast; the reader makes a very fascinating periple of the Euxine Pontus from Apollonia of Thrace to Sinope of Pontus, written by first-class specialists.

The book is beautifully illustrated with numerous photographs, plans, diagrams and drawings of inscriptions. There are almost no typos in it.

The relevance and high interest in the book is indicated by the fact that, as soon as it appeared on the website of the author, it was published.

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light, it immediately became the subject ^of scientific controversies5 . Noting the great contribution of G. R. Tsetskhladze in the preparation of the reviewed volume, I am sure that this is not his last work in this direction, and soon we will see new books of domestic and foreign historians published under his editorship.

⁵ So, some provisions in the articles of S. Yu. Saprykinand J.. Hynda was criticized by Yu. G. Vinogradov and M. I. Zolotarev: The original Chersonese // The oldest states of Eastern Europe. 1996-1997. Materials and research. The Northern Black Sea Region in Antiquity: Issues of Source Studies / Edited by A.V. Podosinov, Moscow, 1999, pp. 91-129.

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