HISTORIOGRAPHY

Over the past few decades, foreign humanities have become increasingly interested in studying images of various countries and peoples. However, earlier research of this kind was mainly of a literary nature. At the end of the 20th century, the ideas of the "science of images" (imagology or imagelogy), which had previously developed in the framework of comparative literary studies, were borrowed by neighboring disciplines-history, sociology, political science, etc. The importance of research on the formation and perception of images of the country, its politics, people and other aspects of their existence is steadily growing.

In our country, images of countries and peoples are also the subject of study in various sciences. Research on the reconstruction and interpretation of national images in literary works is still relevant: "Russia - Poland. Images and stereotypes in literature and culture "[Russia-Poland..., 2002], " The Image of Russia. Russia and Russians in the Perception of the West and the East "[Obraz Rossii..., 1998] and many others. Images are studied in the framework of international relations, for example, in O. N. Bykov's monograph " The image of Russia as a subject of the formation of the modern world order. On the research methodology" [Bykov, 2007] and in the collective work of IMEMO RAS scientists "Image of Russia in the world: formation, perception, transformation" [Image of Russia in the world..., 2008]. The image is the subject of political science research, for example, in E. A. Galumov's dissertation "International Image of Modern Russia (political science analysis)" (Galumov, 2004). Images are also considered from the point of view of the history of bilateral relations, for example, in the collection of articles "Russian-African relations and the image of Russia in Africa" [Russian-African relations..., 2007]. The same group includes the fundamental work of the sinologist A. V. Lukin "The Bear Watches the Dragon" (Lukin, 2007), which shows the evolution of the image of China in pre-revolutionary Russia, the USSR and in modern Russia, based on a rich source material.

In Russian historical science, most often the ideas about Russia abroad and the Russian perception of images of other countries related to Modern times are considered. For example, S. A. Danilin's dissertation "The Image of Russia and its Politics in Anglo-American Journalism of the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries" (Danilin, 2006) and V. E. Molodyakov's monograph "The Image of Japan in Europe and Russia in the Second Half of the 19th and early 20th Centuries" (Molodyakov, 1996). Studies devoted to modernity consider the image as a subject of study in cultural studies or philology. Such works include the dissertations of Z. A. Uzhegova "The image of a' new ' Russia in the West (based on the materials of the American and British press) "[Uzhegova, 1999] and A. A. Pshenkin " The Metaphorical Image of the USSR/Russia in the American political discourse of the second half of the XX - beginning of the XXI century " [Pshenkin, 2006].

Despite the fact that it is not yet possible to talk about the existence of imagology in Russia as an independent discipline, a great interest in the topic of images on the part of domestic social sciences is obvious. The available literature on this topic indicates that the study of the image of Russia is the main direction of imagological research in various humanities. A significant part of such works is devoted to the perception of Russia in the West: in addition to these works, one can mention the monograph by E. V. Lapteva "American Russian Studies: the Image of Russia" (Lapteva, 2004).

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Only in recent years have studies begun to appear that examine the ideas about Russia and Russians in the countries of the East: a collection of articles "The image of Russia and Russian culture in Turkey: history and modernity" [Image of Russia and Russian Culture..., 2007], materials of the conference of the Center for Korean Studies of the IDV RAS " Russia and Korea. Problems of improving relations between Russia and the states of the Korean Peninsula" [Russia and Korea..., 2008] and others. A number of studies were prepared by scientists from various institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences within the framework of the project of the Russian Humanitarian Science Foundation "Image of Russia in the Modern World". For example, V. G. Korgun's monograph " Russia and Afghanistan. Historical ways of forming the image of Russia in Afghanistan " [Korgun, 2009].

As for the image of Russia in China, it is covered in a number of articles in foreign literature.1 The monograph of Academician S. L. Tikhvinsky "Perception of the image of Russia in China"is devoted to this topic in Russian science. Based on official Chinese documents, press materials, reports of diplomats and travelers, as well as literary works and numerous oral testimonies, the author shows the perception of Russia/From the first contacts between the two countries to the present day, S. L. Tikhvinsky examines a wide range of opinions that exist in China regarding our country. He emphasizes that in general, China's perception of the image of Russia is positive, although there are some "unfriendly stereotypes" in it [Tikhvinsky, 2008, p.2].

I note, however, that Tikhvinsky's monograph does not address the theoretical and methodological problems of studying the image of our country, which, of course, have not yet been solved in domestic historical studies of an imagological nature. The author obviously did not set himself the task of considering the ideas about the inhabitants of Russia in China.

Theoretical issues of studying the image of Russia in China are reflected to a certain extent in the collective monograph of scientists of the Institute of Foreign Policy of the Russian Academy of Sciences "The main features of the current domestic and foreign policy course of the Chinese leadership and their impact on the image of Russia in China". The introduction deals with the international image of States in the context of the concept of "soft power". Chapter 11 of the monograph examines the main factors of the formation and evolution of the image of Russia in China in the first decade of the XXI century: historical (the history of bilateral territorial demarcation and, in general, bilateral relations in different periods), ideological (the communist ideology of China and the decommunization of Russia after 1991), religious (as the sum of the components of ideology and cultural and civilizational identification states), cultural, economic and foreign policy [Osnovnye osobennosti..., 2008, pp. 230-237].

Special attention should be paid to chapter 12, which analyzes the general characteristics of the image of modern Russia, based on a number of Chinese monographic studies and publications of the journal "Shijie Zhishi" ("Knowledge of the World") Since the journal is supervised by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China and covers mainly foreign policy issues, the characteristics of the image of Russia studied are based on an analysis of Russian foreign policy, or on an assessment of the overall political and economic situation in our country. The authors conclude that the image of Russia on the pages of this magazine is "pragmatic and functional", while at the same time they note the absence of emotionally colored materials about Russia, for example, in the heading "Personal View" [Osnovnye Osobennosti..., 2008, p.243].

The same chapter presents the results of a study of the image of Russia in Chinese country studies literature, and reports that a large number of works are published annually in China on the domestic political situation in the Russian Federation, its economy, and international relations. The object of the research is a political science paper devoted to foreign policy issues, a specialized handbook on the Russian Federation published by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, and a popular publication about Russia published in Beijing in 2006.

N. Y. Novgorodskaya's dissertation "Formation and modification of the diplomatic stereotype of the Russian state in the Empire" is devoted to certain aspects of the image of Russia in China.

1 For more information, see: T. A. Hsia Demons in Paradise: The Chinese Images of Russia // The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Vol. 349, No. 1 (1963); Lu Nanquan. Chinese Views of the New Russia // Garnett (ed.). Reapprochement or Rivalry: Russia-China Relations in a Changing Asia. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2000.

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Qing in the XVII-mid-XIX century "[Novgorodskaya, 1987] and D. A. Vladimirova "Problems of ethno-cultural interaction and mutual perception of Chinese and Russians in the Russian Far East and North - East of China (second half of the XIX-beginning of the XXI century)" [Vladimirova, 2005]. The latter work reflects the problems of perception of Russians at the level of everyday consciousness, more conservative and inertial, as well as images formed at the elite level, which are subject to transformation following political changes.

The theses of Yu Jie's report [Yu Jie, 2006] are devoted to the topic of perception of the image of Russia in China in the XVII-XIX centuries. The author notes that at the initial stage of the development of Russian-Chinese relations, the image of Russia was formed within the framework of the sinocentric concept of traditional Chinese diplomacy. From the mid-19th century, the image of Russia began to undergo significant changes due to more frequent contacts and the emergence of new knowledge in China that came from the West.

Among the articles dealing with the problem of the image of Russia in China, I would like to mention S. A. Tikhvinsky's article "Perception of the image of Russia in China (Introduction to a historical review)" [Tikhvinsky, 2007], in which the author notes the growing interest of the scientific community in this topic in various countries of the world and gives an overview of some negative examples of the perception of in China recently.

Interesting data from the sociological survey and their analysis are reflected in the article by T. G. Alagueva, K. K. Vasilyeva, and A.V. Ostrovsky "The image of Russians in the eyes of the Chinese and the image of the Chinese in the eyes of Russians in the adjacent territory" (Alagueva, Vasilyeva, and Ostrovsky, 2007). The authors note that the expansion of knowledge and information about each other is necessary for the further development of Russian-Chinese relations.

A.V. Lomanov, in his article "Cultural and civilizational aspects of Russian-Chinese interaction" (Lomanov, 2005), notes such problematic aspects as the asymmetry and anachronism of mutual cultural representations. For example, over the past 50 years, the Chinese know Russian literature, music, and cinema much better than the Chinese Russians. At the same time, the anachronism of the former's ideas - a kind of conglomerate of Russian classics of the XIX century and Soviet art, including propaganda and propaganda, of the XX century-largely devalues the superiority of China in the field of absorbing Russian culture.

Yu. M. Galenovich's article "On the question of China's Interpretation of Russia's attitude to China at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries" contains an analysis of the Chinese researcher's dissertation "Russian Journalism on the problems of Russia's Foreign Policy towards China (late XIX-early XX centuries)" [Galenovich, 2006(2)]. In particular, there is a discrepancy in the assessments of the Chinese and Russian sides of the history of relations between the two countries and the importance of studying the views of Chinese colleagues. In his work "Russian-Chinese relations (late XIX - early XXI centuries)" Yu. M. Galenovich notes that, according to Chinese experts, relations between the two countries are "losing vitality", " there is a gap in mutual understanding between peoples, no longer heads of state, as in the 1960s-1970s., and the peoples do not trust each other" [Galenovich, 2007, p. 241].

Recent monographs by Yu. M. Galenovich " Russia-China-America: from rivalry to harmony of interests?" [Galenovich, 2006 (1)] and " A View of Russia from China. The past and present of Russia and our relations with China as interpreted by Chinese scholars" [Galenovich, 2010] contain a detailed analysis of contemporary propaganda in the PRC and reveal the official point of view on various stages of Russian-Chinese relations, foreign and domestic policy of our country. The author notes that propaganda publications "not only portray us as a historical enemy or enemy of China, but also practically keep silent about all the good things that happened in the relations between our countries and peoples" [Galenovich, 2006(1), p.11].

One of the chapters of the collective work of a number of Russian political scientists and historians entitled " Russia in the modern system of ensuring global stability: politics and perception "[Russia in the modern system..., 2008] analyzes the ideas of Chinese political scientists about Russia's place in the world and in the system of Russian-Chinese relations.

The subject of research of the vast majority of the listed works on the mutual perception of Russia and China is any aspect of the image of our country in China. So, researchers consider the evolution of ideas about Russia over a certain historical period, most often between the XVII and the beginning of the XX century. [Yu Jie, 2006; Novgorodskaya, 1987; Galenovich, 2006(2)].

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In the works of Russian scientists covering not only modern times, but also modern times, the image of Russia at the present stage is often presented either one-sidedly or schematically: only the main characteristics are mentioned, and only the image of the country is taken into account in isolation from the ideas about Russians. This approach is usually determined by the source base of research provided by propaganda publications and official documents on bilateral political relations. At the same time, it should be emphasized that the generalizing conclusions reached by many researchers are characterized by considerable depth and persuasiveness. This applies primarily to the book by S. L. Tikhvinsky [Tikhvinsky, 2008] and the collective monograph of scientists from the Institute of International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences [China in World and Regional Politics..., 2008].

It seems that the study of the image of Russia in modern China should be continued on the basis of new materials that have not yet been introduced into scientific circulation.

sources

On the topic of this review, materials addressed to the general reader are of interest: journalistic literature of a country-specific nature; popular works about our country, including memoirs of Chinese people who visited Russia; materials of mass media, which also include the Chinese Internet space. Thus, the lack of "emotionally colored" materials about Russia noted by Russian researchers, without which it is difficult to form a comprehensive picture of the Chinese image of our country, can be filled to a certain extent by these sources. On their basis, it is necessary to consider the problem of the image of the Russian person in modern China, which was not previously addressed in domestic studies, since the perception of the Russian people is inseparable from the image of our country as a whole.

In this regard, the following books are of considerable interest: Sun Wanwei's "Elos bu xiangxin yanlei" ("Russia does not Believe in Tears") [Sun Wanwei, 1995 ]and Ji Zhiye and Feng Yujun's "Yibo-sanzhe elosyzhen" ("Such Different Russians") [Ji Zhiye and Feng Yujun, 1997], recommended on the website of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in the Russian bibliography section. The author of the first book introduces the reader to the peculiarities of Russian and partly Soviet life in a relaxed way. The book was published in a circulation of 20 thousand copies, which is significant for publications of the regional genre. It is autobiographical in nature - the author focuses on stories with his participation. At the same time, the lack of a pre-set goal to highlight all aspects of Russian life allows the author to highlight those aspects that really arouse his genuine interest.

The second book was published in an edition of 10,500 copies in a series of publications about different peoples of the world. It consists of 11 sections, in which the authors present in an accessible form their vision of Russian history, features of the Russian national character, social life, and Russian family foundations. The sections devoted to Russian culture contain detailed information about the development of literature and art in our country. A special feature of the book is the presence of stories from the lives of various residents of Russia, which contributes to the creation of a lively and vivid image of Russian people.

In a more strict manner, the popular publication "Elosyzhen" ("Russians") was published in a series of books about the peoples of the world [Shen Yue, 2008]. However, upon careful examination, it reveals significant shortcomings: many photos do not correspond to the specified signatures (for example, the signature "Principality of Kievan Rus" is placed under the photo of the cruiser "Varyag"; instead of photos of N. S. Khrushchev and M. S. Gorbachev, images of unknown people who only remotely resemble the mentioned Soviet leaders are placed; instead of a photo of the Kremlin, an image is given buildings of the State Historical Museum; in the section on contemporary Russian literature, writer Vladimir Sorokin and IDV RAS employee Vladislav Sorokin were presented as one person.

As for the content of the book under consideration, it largely resembles the previous literature about Russia. It contains a brief historical essay that introduces readers to the way of life of the Russian population, traditional holidays and customs, peculiarities of language, religion, national character, and also tells about Russia's contribution to the world treasury of culture. At the same time, in contrast to the previous popular Russian literature, the compilers have provided a section containing recommendations on the following topics:

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communication with Russian residents, and a section dedicated to ethnic Russians living outside the Russian Federation.

The series of books about different countries through the eyes of Chinese diplomats includes the work of Le Yucheng "Boke Elos" ("Blogs about Russia") [Le Yucheng, 2007], where the author tells in an accessible form about his vision of events taking place in Russia, gives an assessment of Russian leaders and introduces readers to the peculiarities of Russian life.

Since ideas about political leaders have a significant share in the image of the country as a whole, it is necessary to mention the books "Tevan Pujing" ("Putin's Iron Hand") [Tong Jianzhou, Wang Yun, 2000] and" Elos zongtong - Meideweijefu "("The Iron Hand of Putin").President of Russia Medvedev") [Zheng Jiajie, 2008]. Both were published just before the presidential elections in March 2000 and March 2008, respectively, and thus played an important role in preparing the Chinese reader for the perception of the new leader of the Russian Federation.

The collection "Eui Minghe 88 shu" ("88 Famous Russian Songs") (published in 5500 copies) [Xue Fan, 1997], which contains sheet music and lyrics in Russian with a Chinese translation, can serve as a source describing the ideas of the Chinese about Russian musical culture.

A promising and poorly studied source is the materials of Chinese history textbooks for secondary schools. In previous works, A. D. Voskresensky refers to the textbook of 1986 in the book "Borders of China: the History of Formation" [Borders of China..., 2001], Yu.M. Galenovich quotes from the textbook of 2002 [Galenovich, 2006(1), p. 356]. The importance of this type of sources is obvious: they not only reflect, but also form the image of our country for the next generations of Chinese. In modern China, nine-year secondary education is compulsory, so the audience for school textbooks is very wide.

A special group of sources consists of materials from the Chinese Internet. Valuable information can be found on the website of the Chinese online encyclopedia "Baidu baike" and the Internet service "Baidu Zhidao", where any Internet user can ask a question on any topic or answer questions already asked by others. A lot of information about the perception of Russia and Russians was found in Chinese blogs. In addition, interesting material is provided by questions to Deputy Prime Minister of Russia Alexander Zhukov, which users of the patriotic forum "Qiango" have been posting on the forum's website for several days for the upcoming online conference held on March 19, 2009.

METHODOLOGY

Studying the image of Russia as a complex phenomenon, including ideas about the country and the people, requires the development of a certain methodological approach.

As noted above, images are the subject of study in works on history, political science, international relations, public relations, literary studies, sociology, ethnopsychology, cultural studies, etc. According to A.V. Lukin, along with the term "image", they use the terms"beliefs", "representations" or"representations", "perceptions", and "attitudes"."), "values" ("values"), "mentalities" ("mentalities" or "mentalités" of the French school of Annals) and "stereotypes" ("stereotypes") [Lukin, 2007, p.22], however, the generally accepted terminology has not yet been developed.

Despite the fact that imagology (imagelogy) as an independent direction is still in the stage of formation, two main methodological approaches can be distinguished in domestic image research.

The first one can be conventionally designated as a political science approach. It is used mainly in research on political science, as well as in works that consider the image from the point of view of bilateral and international relations, foreign policy, and public relations. In these studies, the concept of "image "is used in the context of strengthening the" soft power "(or" soft power") of the state and the need to construct a positive image that would meet the national interests of the country and contribute to the realization of these interests (Fedyakin, 2005). Along with the term "image", the definition of "image"is also actively used. The image, or image, of a country (state) is revealed through ideas about its policy, system, state institutions, etc. There is an "external image" - the perception of the country abroad and an "internal" - in the country itself [Image of Russia in the world..., 2008, p. 4].

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In Russia, the study of images within the framework of political science has been developing rapidly since the early 1990s. Thus, E. A. Galumov distinguishes between an objective or real image (the impression of the country that the domestic or foreign public has and which best corresponds to the real state of affairs) and a subjective one (the idea of the country's leader and his entourage about how the country is perceived in the eyes of citizens, or the idea of citizens about what their country is seen abroad); modeled (the image that image makers are trying to create). When considering the structure of the country's image, he identifies the main criteria that this image should meet, and the main functions that it should perform [Galumov, 2004, pp. 101-103]. These provisions, of course, relate more to the creation or, speaking in the language of political science, the construction of an image.

It should be noted that some conclusions in the work of E. A. Galumov are speculative in nature and do not find confirmation in reality. So, the author distinguishes the primary and secondary image: "The primary image is a comprehensive view of the country as a kind of integral reality, which is formed and fixed in the public consciousness as a result of initial acquaintance with it. The secondary image of a country appears in the process of competitive political, economic, informational, etc. struggle with other countries " [Galumov, 2004, p. 100]. This characteristic of the image, although it emphasizes its gradual formation, does not give an idea of the duration and essence of this "primary acquaintance".

In my opinion, the properties and features of the country image described by E. A. Galumov are mainly applicable to the study of ideas about our country in modern China, but with some clarifications. The national image in a simplified and condensed form reflects the specifics and uniqueness of the country; the national image, despite its unconditional connection with the real object (prototype), bears the imprint of the specifics of the "receiving party" (corresponds to the psychological orientations of everyday consciousness). As for the "concreteness" of the country's image, perhaps in this case we should speak about its considerable stability, even inertia. However, it is also necessary to recognize its ability to change under the influence of new information.

IMEMO RAS scientists call this property of the country image rigidity and associate it with the fact that irrational components play a significant role in the structure of mass representations of a particular country. In the national image, a significant place is occupied by the already existing inertial constructions of mass public consciousness [Image of Russia in the world..., 2008, p. 27]. In other words, the image of a country abroad is determined by stable elements of ideological and political biases existing in this other society, historically formed stereotypes of thinking, and stamps of historical memory. It is also important to note that the inertia of mass consciousness stereotypes is often supported by conscious propaganda efforts.

In addition to these properties of the country's image, factors that influence the foreign image of the state are of great importance. In this regard, of particular interest is the article by E. N. Korendyasov "General and special aspects in shaping the image of Russia in Africa", in which the author summarizes the methodological developments of political scientists and public relations specialists and identifies a number of factors influencing the image of Russia. First, these are conditionally static factors: natural resource potential; national and cultural heritage of Russian society; geopolitical factors (geographical location, length of borders, access to the seas, etc.); historically accomplished events (conquests, geographical and scientific discoveries, etc.).- dynamic factors: forms of socio-political organization, structure, nature and principles of activity of socio-political associations; socio-psychological moods in society; moral principles of development of society. Third, "adjusted" conditionally dynamic institutional factors: the stability of the economy (GDP growth, income level, investment volume, etc.).D.); the legal space of Russia and the compliance of Russian legal norms with international requirements; the effectiveness of the power structure [Korendyasov, 2007, p. 10-11].

These groups of factors almost completely reflect the multicomponent nature of the national image and its complexity. However, a significant drawback is that they ignore the "host society" factor, i.e. the peculiarities of the society that perceives the national image of another country. It is obvious that the "socio-psychological moods in society", and even more so the "moral principles" of its development, can lead to the following problems:

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receive diametrically opposite assessments in different societies. Accordingly, the perception - positive or negative-of another country will also be different. The study of the image of Russia in another country requires knowledge of the specifics of this "other" country, which ultimately allows us to judge the degree of influence of certain factors on the national image, and therefore, not only to design (as in political science or PR) and reconstruct it (as in historical, cultural and literary works), but also to study the image of Russia in and interpret it correctly.

The second approach used in studies of the country's image is ethnopsychological. In culturological, historical, sociological, literary and ethnopsychological works, images are studied in the context of ethnic stereotypes. The term "stereotype" was coined by American sociologist Walter Lippman in 1922 in social psychology. In the late 1920s, American sociology came to the conclusion that stereotypes help the average person to assess a political situation that is too complex for analysis and far removed from the sphere of his activity. After the Second World War, an active study of ethnic stereotypes begins, while over time the attitude towards them becomes more and more negative, since it is associated with the spread of racial, ethnic, national and social prejudices in society [Uzhegova, 1999, pp. 5-6]. A.V. Lukin in the monograph "The Bear watches the Dragon" deliberately writes: reduces the use of the word " stereotype "due to the fact that in the generally accepted sense it has a connotation of" unfair "or" incorrect " messages [Lukin, 2007, p.22].

However, it should be noted that the term "stereotype" used in the ethnopsychological approach does not have such a negative connotation, while understanding its properties and features greatly facilitates the analysis of representations. So, researchers call the following characteristic features of an ethnic stereotype:: 1) its subject matter is primarily certain groups of people (racial, national, class, political, professional, gender, etc.), as well as - secondary-social relations between them; 2) its genesis is public, i.e. it is transmitted to the individual as an expression of public opinion through education in the family and environment regardless of personal experience; 3) in connection with its evaluating function, it carries a certain emotional load (negative or positive); 4) from the point of view of truthfulness, the stereotype either completely contradicts the facts or partially corresponds to them, creating the appearance of complete truthfulness of its content; 5) it is long-term and resistant to changes, which is associated with with the independence of the stereotype from experience and with its emotional load; 6) the above-mentioned features make it possible to implement the social role of the stereotype. the function of the stereotype, which consists in protecting the values and assessments accepted by society or a group, the individual assimilation of which as a binding social norm is a condition for the integration of the individual in the group; 7) it is always associated with the word-name (or an expression of several words), which is an impulse that activates the content of the stereotype in a certain context; 8) the name, Most often, it also serves as the name of the corresponding concept, which leads to mystification of the stereotype as a type of concept, although the stereotype is fundamentally different from the concept both in terms of social and cognitive functions, and in terms of the underlying process of creating appropriate judgments [Khorev, 2005, pp. 8-9].

According to T. G. Stefanenko, an expert in the field of ethnopsychology, in intergroup relations, a "stereotype" is usually called "ordered" images of the world" in a person's head, which, firstly, save his efforts in perceiving complex social objects and, secondly, protect his values, positions and rights " [Stefanenko, 1999 T. G. Stefanenko interprets it as a "simplified image of an ethnic group", one of the types of social stereotype. Among the essential properties of ethnic stereotypes are their emotional and evaluative character, stability and even rigidity to new information, as well as consistency, i.e. a high degree of unity of ideas among the members of the stereotyping group. An ethnic stereotype can only be defined as ideas shared by a sufficiently large number of individuals within social communities; these are typical ideas of group members about a social object, which does not mean that they are completely identical among individuals or that all representatives of the group are equally aware of them.

In addition, we find in T. G. Stefanenko a way to solve the problem of the truth of such representations: "ethnic stereotypes reflect, even in a distorted or transformed form, objective reality, that is, the properties of two interacting groups and the relations between them" [Stefanenko, 1999, p. 245]. The main "dimensions" of stereotypes depend on the nature of relationships (cooperation or competition, dominance or submission). -

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the content, orientation, degree of favorability, and ultimately the degree of their truth. This is manifested in the creation of a "mirror image", the use of" werewolf attributions "or the construction of" complementary images " [Stefanenko, 1999, p.246-247].

A valuable feature of an ethnic stereotype is that "stereotypes are acquired in early childhood-usually from secondary sources, rather than from direct experience - and are used by children long before they have clear ideas about the groups to which they belong" [Stefanenko, 1999, p.241]. If we take into account the stability of stereotypes to changes in the situation, it becomes clear that the study of materials about Russia in foreign school textbooks is highly desirable in a comprehensive study of national images. The image of another country, which is already embedded in childhood, plays a crucial role in the perception of events and facts related to this country throughout the rest of an individual's life. Of course, researchers are right who believe that this perception also depends on personal development of reality. The greater the experience, the less likely it is that once learned stereotypes will remain unchanged. But if the personal experience of cognition, study, contacts is small, then the entire process of mastering information can be reduced to the reproduction of ready-made stereotypes and stereotypical reactions [Uzhegova, 1999, p. 7].

An important remark about stereotypes was made by researcher V. A. Khorev. He emphasizes that when considering various types of stereotypes, it is necessary to keep in mind the stratification of society. Different social strata differ in the level of mythologization of their ideas about the world, including about other peoples: "the intellectual elite is more characterized by a rational approach based on knowledge," and the masses " use in their vision of the world, mainly, established and existing stereotypes "[Khorev, 2005, p. 9].

Summing up all of the above regarding the political and ethnopsychological approaches prevailing in domestic imagological research, we recall that in the framework of the former, the image of the country is usually studied, while in the framework of the latter, the image of the people is studied. Naturally, the sources also vary depending on the subject of research. A common problem in the study of subjective representations, which are images, has become the problem of choosing the most significant and representative sources. So, scientists of IMEMO RAS emphasize that none of the groups of sources has a self-sufficient value. The complex and multidimensional nature of the subject of analysis implies "a kind of cross-verification of both conclusions and the materials on which they are based" [Obraz Rossii v ' mir..., 2008, p. 9].

The study of ideas about our country in modern China should recreate the integral image of Russia as a complex and multicomponent phenomenon, while it is necessary to rely on the methods of the "political science" and "ethnopsychological" approaches described above. It seems that in the mass consciousness of the Chinese population, the image of Russia cannot exist outside the perception of the state-forming ethnic group, i.e., the Russian people. When studying the image of a country, it is more necessary to use methodological developments within the framework of the" political science "approach: the image of a country in a simplified and concise form reflects its specifics and uniqueness; despite its unconditional connection with the real object (prototype), it bears the imprint of the specifics of the" host party " (corresponds to the psychological orientations of everyday consciousness). The image of the country has a lot of inertia, but it can change under the influence of the situation. When studying the image of Russians, we should rely more on the methods of the "ethnopsychological" approach: the image of the people carries an emotional and evaluative load, it is stable and rigid to new information; however, although in a distorted form, it reflects objective reality - the properties of interacting groups and relations between them. In both cases, it is necessary to take into account the uniqueness of both Chinese and Russian "models of culture"2. In other words, when interpreting the image of Russia in modern China, it is necessary to take into account that for each culture the ideas about the fundamental and the non-essential are different.

list of literature

Alagueva T. G., Vasilyeva K. K., Ostrovsky A.V. Obraz rossiyan v glaze kitaytsev i obraz kitaytsev v glaze rossiyan na sopredel'noy territorii [The image of Russians in the eyes of Chinese and the image of Chinese in the eyes of Russians in the adjacent territory].
Bykov O. N. The image of Russia as a subject of formation of the modern world order. K metodologii issledovaniya [On Research methodology], Moscow: IMEMO RAS, 2007.
2 For more information, see: Benedict R. Patterns of Culture. Boston - New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1934, p. 36 - 37.

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