The article is devoted to the problems of forming the composition of carriers of the Irmen culture of the Late Bronze Age of Western Siberia (XIV-X centuries). Materials from 23 burial grounds in the Kuznetsk basin, Barabinsk forest-steppe, forest-steppe Altai, Tomsk and Novosibirsk Ob region were studied. The results of the analysis allow us to conclude that the Irmen population was formed on the territory of the Novosibirsk Ob region and the Baraba forest-steppe on the basis of the interaction of Fedorov and autochthonous populations. Odontological data exclude the possibility of the Karasuk component entering its composition. Karasuktsy were formed on the Okunev basis, which caused increased frequencies of the Carabelli tubercle and the metaconid knee fold. These two features are practically absent in the native Irmen traditions, but the gracile component introduced by the Fedorovites is clearly represented.
Keywords: Western Siberia, Irmenskaya, Karasukskaya, Okunevskaya, Fedorovskaya cultures, dental non-metrics, odontology, Bronze Age, A. A. Zubov system, ASUDAS.
Introduction
The Irmen culture of the Late Bronze Age dates back to the XIV-X centuries BC [Chicha..., 2009, p. 72]. Its monuments were discovered in the Omsk Irtysh region. Barabinsk forest-steppe, Tomsk, Novosibirsk and Barnaul-Biysk Ob region, Kuznetsk basin, Achinsk-Mariinsk forest-steppe. Based on differences in the appearance of objects of material culture and funerary rites, Irmen monuments are divided into two territorial groups: south-western (Omsk Priirtyshye, Barabinsk forest-steppe, Barnaul Priobye) and north-eastern (Tomsk and Novosibirsk Priobye, Kuznetsk basin) [Stepanenko, 2012, p.11].
According to archaeologists, the Irmen traditions were formed as a result of the synthesis of Andronovo (Fyodorov) and autochthonous traditions (Chlenova, 1955; Troitskaya, 1974; Molodin, 1985; Matveev, 1993; Zakh, 1997; etc.). Although this concept is generally not objectionable, there are a number of specific issues that require a separate study. the possible influence of the Karasuk and Lugovskaya traditions on the Irmen culture, the cultural affiliation of the basic autochthonous substrate, the reasons for the differences between the Insky and Priobsky local variants, and the correlation of the so - called Korchazhkin and Elovskaya cultures of the Post-Iron Age with the Irmen culture. The purpose of this work is to consider these issues on the basis of the frequency distribution of nonmetric characteristics of the dental system in the Irmen population of the Kuznetsk basin, Barabinsk forest - steppe, Novosibirsk and Tomsk Ob regions, and forest-steppe Altai.
The material for the study was paleoanthropological samples from 23 burial grounds, totaling 167 individuals (men, women, and children in total): from the Baraba forest - steppe-34, the Kuznetsk Basin-78, the Novosibirsk Ob-28, the Steppe Altai-15, and the Tomsk Ob-12. The morphological description of the series was performed on the basis of a standard odontological model. programs of A. A. Zubov [2006] (tab. 1) with uche-
page 132
Table 1. Compliance of the used points of accounting for signs of the A. A. Zubov system with ASUDAS points
Attribute name
A. A. Zubov's system
ASUDAS
Shoveling capacity I 2 / shovelling I 2
0 - 1 / 2+3
0/1 - 7
Additional distal tubercle M 1/ C5 M 1
-/ +
0/1 - 5
Carabelli hillock M 1/ Carabelli cusp M 1
0 - 1 / 2 - 5
0 - 1 / 2 - 7
Hypoconus reduction (4-) M 1 / cusp 4 M 1
4, 3+, 3/4-
0 - 3, 5 / 4
Hypoconus reduction (3, 3+) MV cusp 4 M 1
4,4-/3,3+
4 - 5 / 0 - 3
Hypoconus reduction (4-) M2/ cusp 4 M2
4, 3+, 3/4-
0 - 3, 5 / 4
Hypoconus reduction (3, 3+) M2/ cusp 4 M2
4,4-/3,3+
4 - 5 / 0 - 3
Form P1 (1-2) / P1 cusp
3 - 5/1 - 2
2 - 5 / 0 - 1
Form P 1 (4-5) / P 1 cusp
1 - 3/4 - 5
0 - 1 / 2 - 5
Form P2 (1-2) / P2 cusp
3 - 5/1 - 2
2 - 5 / 0 - 1
Form P2 (4-5) / P2 cusp
1 - 3/4 - 5
0 - 1 / 2 - 5
6M1/t6 M1
-/ +
0/1 - 5
4 M1 / hypoconulid M1
-/ +
0/1 - 5
(+)M1
-/ +
-/ +
(X) M1
-/ +
-/ +
4 M2/ hypoconulid M2
-/ +
0/1 - 5
5 M2/ hypoconulid M2
-/ +
0/1 - 5
(Y) M2/ groove pattern
-/ +
-/ +
(+) M2
-/ +
-/ +
(X) M2
-/ +
-/ +
Protostylid M 1/ protostylid
0 - 1 / 2 - 5
0 - 4 / 5 - 7
Tami M1/cusp 7 M1
-/ +
0-1 a / 2-4
Distal trigonid crest M 1 / distal trigonid crest
-/ +
-/ +
Metaconide knee crease M 1 / deflecting wrinkle
-/ +
0 - 1 / 2 - 3
Table 2. Limits of variation in the frequency of odontological features (Mesolithic-Bronze Age)
Sign
Frequency of the feature, %
Very low price
Low
Average
High
Very high
Shovel shape I 1, points 2+3
0 - 12,0
12,1 - 26,1
26,2 - 52,0
52,1 - 100
-
Shovel shape I 2, points 2+3
0 - 24,6
24,7 - 46,7
46,8 - 81,0
81,1 - 100
-
Carabelli hillock M 1, points 2-5
0 - 7,8
7,9 - 20,0
20,1 - 35,2
35,3 - 71,9
71.1 and above
Hypoconus reduction M 2, points 3, 3+ in total
0 - 18,0
18,1 - 30,8
30,9 - 44,9
45,0 - 60,0
60.1 and above
Shestibugorkovye M 1
-
0 - 4,9
5,0 - 10,0
10,1 - 24,1
24.2 and above
Chetyrehbugorkovye M 1
0 - 6,6
6,7 - 12,5
12,6 - 22,9
23,0 - 40,5
40.6 and above
Chetyrehbugorkovye M 2
0 - 29,3
29,4 - 66,7
66,8 - 82,1
82,2 - 91,5
91.5 and above
Tami
-
0 - 3,9
4,0 - 8,9
9,0 - 15,5
15.6 and above
Distal trigonid crest M 1
-
0 - 8,9
9,0 - 16,1
16,2 - 32,4
32.5 and above
Metaconide knee fold M 1
-
0 - 9,1
9,2 - 22,2
22,3 - 48,9
49.0 and above
page 133
volume of frequency variation limits for basic odontological phenes in the Mesolithic-Bronze Age (Table 2). Inter-group comparison was performed using hierarchical cluster analysis based on Euclidean distances using the full coupling method. For statistical analysis, the frequencies of seven signs were used: spade-like upper medial incisors (scores 2+3), Carabelli's tubercle on the upper first molars (scores 2 - 5 in total), hypoconus reduction on the upper second molars (scores 3, 3+ in total), six - and four-tubercle lower first molars, and distal trigonid crest and the metaconide geniculate fold on the lower first molars. As a rule, the frequency of lower second quadrilateral molars is also added to this list, but since there are no published data on this trait for the majority of Karasuk series, it was excluded.
Odontological characteristics of local groups of the Irmen population in the Barabinsk forest-steppe (Preobrazhenka-3, Abramovo-4, Sopka-2 burial grounds). On the upper jaw, there is an average frequency of spade-shaped incisors, the absence of additional distal tubercles on the molars, and the average frequency of the Carabelli tubercle (Table 3). According to the latter feature, there are significant differences between men and women. In the male group, its frequency is sharply increased, and in the female group it is reduced. The first molars in the total series are not reduced, the second ones are characterized by an average level of reduction.
On the lower jaw, there is an increased frequency of canine forms of the second premolars, the absence of six-domed variants of the first molars, and a fairly high frequency of gracile four-domed ones. The second molars are mostly gracile, and only one case of their five-humped structure has been recorded. On the first molars, the crown pattern "Y" dominates, on the second - "+". The series is characterized by a moderately increased frequency of the distal trigonid crest and a high frequency of the metaconid knee fold, with the first sign noted only in the male group, and the second in the female group. There are also two cases of protostylid presence on the first molars and one of tami presence.
Forest-steppe Altai (burial grounds Novotroitskoe-1, Pilno, Near Elbany-4, Plotinnaya-1). On the upper jaw, there is a moderately increased frequency of shovel-like forms of medial incisors, with no sign on the lateral ones (Table 3). Additional tubercles on the molars are not found. There is a small percentage of weakly reduced first molars. The latter are also poorly reduced, hypoconus reduction scores of 3.3+ are recorded in less than 30 % of individuals.
On the lower jaw, the intermediate form of 3 premolars is relatively common. Molarized variants of the first premolars and caninized variants of the second premolars were not recorded. The percentage of six-humped first molars is moderately increased. At the same time, a high frequency of gracile forms of teeth of this class was noted in the series, and a case of extreme gracilization of the second molar, up to the Y3 shape, was recorded. On the first molars, variants of the crown pattern "X" and "Y" occur with the same frequency, " + " is less common. Protostylid and knee fold of metaconide were not observed in the series, but the protostylid fossa was recorded with high frequency. A slightly increased frequency of tami and a rather high frequency of the distal trigonid crest were recorded.
Kuznetsk basin (burial grounds of Zhuravlevo-1, - 3, - 4, Zarechnoye-1, Tanay-2, - 7, Vaganovo-2). The series is characterized by a high frequency of spade-shaped medial upper incisors and medium - lateral ones, a low frequency of Carabelli's tubercle and additional distal tubercles, and an average degree of hypoconus reduction of the upper molars (Table 3). Here, an increased frequency of four - humeral forms of the lower first molars and a low frequency of six-humeral forms are noted. Both the first and second molars are dominated by the "Y"pattern of the crown. Protostylid tubercles are absent, and the frequency of tami is relatively high. The metaconid geniculate fold is not recorded in the series; the distal trigonid crest is relatively common.
Tomsk Ob region (burial grounds Elovsky-2, Kamen-1). The odontological series of the Irmen culture of the Tomsk Ob region is characterized by poor preservation. There are no shovel-like forms of the upper medial incisors, and the frequency of this trait is also low on the lateral ones (Table 3). Additional distal tubercles of the upper molars, the Carabelli tubercle, are not found. The level of hypoconus reduction is very low, but the degree of gracilization of the lower molars is high. On the first teeth of this class, the "Y" pattern dominates, and "X" and "+" occur with the same frequency; on the second, the " + " shape prevails, followed by "X", and "Y" remains in the minority. Elements of the protostylid system, tami, distal trigonid crest, and metaconid knee fold are not recorded. It should be noted that the representation of Eastern phenes in the series is the smallest of all Irmen groups.
Novosibirsk Ob region (burial grounds Milovanovo-1, Ordynskoe, Katkovo-3, Burmistrovo, Krokhalevka-13, Spirino-1, Sokolovo-Kolyvan). On the upper jaw, there are average frequencies of spade-shaped incisors, additional distal-
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Table 3. Frequencies of odontological features in local groups of Irmen culture carriers
Sign
Kuznetsk basin
Novosibirsk Ob region
Barabinsk forest-steppe
Forest-steppe Altai
Tomsk Ob region
n
%
n
%
n
%
n
%
n
%
Spade shape (2+3) I 1
70
57,06
14
35,70
5
40,00
4
50,00
4
0
Spade shape (2+3) I 2
85
50,87
11
63,60
10
70,00
3
0
4
25,00
Additional distal tubercle M 1
87
8,32
18
16,70
22
0
10
0
7
0
Carabelli hillock (2-5) M 1
134
15,60
20
10,00
22
27,30
9
0
8
0
Hypoconus reduction (4 -) M 1
137
9,54
25
4,00
22
0
11
18,20
8
0
Hypoconus reduction (3, 3+) M 1
137
0,30
25
0
22
0
11
0
8
0
Hypoconus reduction (4 -) M2
127
46,31
25
48,00
23
39,10
12
50,00
8
75,00
Hypoconus reduction (3, 3+) M2
127
41,28
25
48,00
23
30,40
12
25,00
8
12,50
Form P 1 (1-2)
126
73,20
20
95,00
19
68,40
5
60,00
6
66,70
Form P 1 (4-5)
106
14,14
20
0
19
10,50
5
0
6
16,70
Form P 2 (1-2)
99
15,28
20
60,00
20
35,00
6
0
5
20,00
Form P 2 (4-5)
99
76,16
20
0
20
40,00
6
66,70
5
80,00
6M1
123
4,54
25
4,00
17
0
10
10,00
8
0
4 M1
123
26,65
25
24,00
17
23,50
10
50,00
8
37,50
(+)M1 (4 - 6)
110
23,51
21
28,60
15
13,30
9
11,10
5
20,00
(X) M1 (4 - 6)
107
2,31
21
23,80
15
20,00
9
11,10
5
20,00
4M2
116
87,56
24
91,70
21
95,20
9
77,80
7
100,00
5M2
116
12,44
24
4,20
21
4,80
9
11,10
7
0
(Y)M2
113
58,65
23
26,10
20
40,00
9
33,30
5
20,00
(+)M2
113
38,88
23
43,50
20
75,00
9
22,20
5
60,00
(X) M 2
113
10,42
23
39,10
20
30,00
9
33,30
5
40,00
Protostylid (2-5) M 1
123
0,35
25
4,00
23
8,70
10
0
6
0
Tami M1
94
11,21
23
8,70
23
4,30
10
10,00
6
0
Distal trigonid crest M 1
86
18,00
18
16,70
13
15,40
8
12,50
3
0
Metaconide knee fold M 1
79
0
16
0
6
33,30
4
0
2
0
Note: n is the number of individuals surveyed.
The first molars are not reduced, while the second molars are characterized by a significant reduction. In the series, a relatively increased frequency of canine forms of the second premolars was noted.
On the lower jaw, there are no six-domed molars, and the frequency of four-domed molars, on the contrary, is increased. Variants " + " and " X " of the crown pattern on the first molars occur with an average frequency, on the second - they dominate, being observed with close frequencies. One case of protostylid presence on the first molars was noted in the series. Protostylid pits are much more common (in 26.3% of buried individuals). In one case, the presence of tami on the first molars was recorded. The distal trigonide crest is relatively common, and the metaconide knee fold is absent.
In total, the carriers of the Irmen culture of Western Siberia are characterized by an average frequency of spade-like appearance, low frequencies of the Carabelli tubercle, the distal trigonid crest, the six-humped lower molars and the metaconid knee fold, an average level of reduction of the upper molars, and increased gracility of the lower ones. Despite the rather high variability of the odontological composition and a significant variation in the frequency of some important features, it should be noted that in comparison with the Andronovo time, the population diversity in the territory under consideration has significantly decreased. If the Fedorovsky population could be distinguished as isolated populations with well-defined markers of all odontological variants within the western trunk (Zubova, 2012), then
page 135
in the Irmen series, there are almost no traces of the influence of northern Caucasians.
The Irma samples were compared with a series of other archaeological cultures in the southern regions of Western Siberia (Table 1). 4), conventionally divided into three chronological groups. The first group includes materials from the Pre-Iron Age: Neolithic (Kuznetsk-Altai culture, Neolithic of the Barabinsk forest-steppe) and Eneolithic (Bolshemyss culture) times, Early and Middle Bronze Age (Ust-Tartass, Odinovo cultures, burial grounds near the village). Okunevo, Krotovskaya, okunevskaya, Karakolskaya cultures, Rostovka). The second group consisted of a series of the Fedorov culture of Western and Southern Siberia and materials representing synchronous cultural phenomena, but
See Table 4. Odontological series used for statistical analysis
Series name
Date
Data source
Kuznetsk-Altai culture (burial grounds Lebedi-2, Vaskovo-4)
IV millennium BC.
[Chikisheva, 2012]
Kuznetsk-Altai culture (Solontsy burial ground-5)
The same thing
The same thing
Kuznetsk-Altai culture (Ust-Isha)
"
Author's details
Bolyiemyss culture (Itkul, Nizhnetytkeskenskaya-1)
"
[Chikisheva, 2012]
Neolithic of the Barabinsk forest-steppe (burial grounds Sopka-2, Protoka, Korchugan)
VI-V millennium BC
The same thing
Ust-Tartass culture (Sopka-2 burial ground)
IV-first half of the III millennium BC.
"
Odinovskaya culture (Sopka-2 burial ground)
The first half of the third millennium BC.
"
Krotovskaya culture (Sopka-2 burial ground)
End of III-beginning of II millennium BC.
"
Pozdnekrotovskaya culture (burial ground Sopka-2)
The first half of the second millennium BC.
"
Karakol culture
The same thing
"
Burial grounds near d. Okunevo, Omsk region.
End of III-beginning of II millennium BC.
Author's details
Okunevskaya culture (Chernovaya VIII burial ground)
XVII-XIII centuries BC
[Zubov, 1980]
Okunevskaya culture (Itkol-1 burial ground)
The same thing
Author's details
Okunevskaya culture (Verkh-Askiz-1 burial ground)
"
The same thing
Okunevskaya culture (Uybat-5 burial ground)
"
"
Rostovka
End of III-beginning of II millennium BC.
"
Chernoozerye-1
The first half of the second millennium BC.
"
Borovyanka XVII
The same thing
"
Korchazhkinskaya culture of the Kuznetsk basin
Second half of the second millennium BC.
"
Elovskaya culture of the Tomsk Ob region
The same thing
"
Pakhomovskaya culture (Novo-Shadrino VII)
"
"
Pakhomovskaya culture (combined series from the Barabinskaya forest-steppe)
"
"
Karasuk culture (total)
"
[Rykushina, 2007]
Karasuk culture (Yerba group)
"
The same thing
Karasuk culture (left bank group)
"
"
Karasuk culture (right bank group)
"
"
Karasuk culture (northern group)
"
"
Karasuk culture (southern group)
"
"
Fedorovskaya culture of the Minusinsk basin
The first half of the second millennium BC.
[Rykushina, 1977]
Fedorovskaya culture of the forest-steppe Altai
The same thing
[Zubova, 2012]
Fedorovskaya culture of the Novosibirsk Ob region
"
The same thing
Fedorovskaya culture of the Barabinsk forest-steppe
"
"
Fedorovskaya culture of the Kuznetsk basin
"
"
page 136
continuing the autochthonous line of development, they are Late Krotovian from the Barabinsk forest-steppe and attributed to the Chernoozero variant from the Omsk Irtysh region (Chernoozero-1, Borovyanka XVII). The third group includes a series of cultures that replaced Andronovo - Elovskaya, Korchazhkinskaya, Pakhomovskaya and Karasukskaya.
On the dendrogram (see figure), the total set of compared samples is divided into several subgroups. The first group includes all Okunev series, most of the Karasuk series, and materials from the Omsk Irtysh region (except for Chernoozerye-1). None of the Andronovo and Irma samples were included here. Within the second subgroup, there is a close cluster that combines Bronze Age materials from the Barabinsk forest-steppe (except for the Pakhomovo culture) and several smaller aggregates that include all the Andronovo and Irma samples, the Chernoozerya-1 series, the Elovskaya, Korchazhkin, Pakhomovskaya cultures, and the Neolithic one from the Barabinsk forest-steppe.
Based on the results of the analysis, we can conclude that the Irmen and Karasuk populations are based on fundamentally different substrates, and there is no need to speak about any influence of the Karasuk or pre-Karasuk populations of Southern Siberia on the formation of carriers of the Irmen culture. Odontological differences between them have two main points. First, in the Karasuk series, the frequency of the Carabelli tubercle on the upper first molars and the metaconid geniculate fold on the lower ones is very high. In the modern odontological classification, this combination is strongly associated with the northern branch of the Caucasian large race. In the Irmian series, the frequency of the Carabelli tubercle is much lower, and the metaconid knee fold is found only in one sample. Secondly, they are significantly higher
Dendrogram of clustering of odontological characteristics of the population of the southern regions of Western Siberia. 1-Bolshemyss culture (Itkul, Nizhnetytkeskenskaya-1); 2 - Karakol culture; 3-Krotovskaya culture; 4-Lebedi-2, Vaskovo-4; 5-Neolithic Baraba (Sopka-2, Protoka, Korchugan); 6 - Odinovskaya culture; 7-Okunevskaya culture (Chernovaya VIII); 8-burial grounds near the village Okunevo; 9 - Okunevskaya culture (Itkol-1); 10-okunevskaya culture (Verkh-Askiz-1); 11-okunevskaya culture (Uybat-5); 12-pozdnekrotovskaya culture; 13 - Rostovka; 14-Solontsy-5; 15-Ust-Isha; 16-Ust-tartasskaya culture; 17-Chernoozerye-1; 18-Borovyanka-17; 19-Irmenskaya culture of the Kuznetsk Basin; 20-Korchazhkinskaya culture of the Kuznetsk Basin; 21-Elovskaya culture of the Tomsk Ob region; 22-Irmenskaya culture of the Tomsk Ob region; 23-Irmenskaya culture of the Novosibirsk Ob region; 24 - Irmenskaya culture of the Steppe Altai; 25-Irmenskaya culture 26-Pakhomovskaya culture (Novo-Shadrino-7); 27-Pakhomovskaya culture of the Barabinskaya forest-steppe; 28-Karasukskaya culture (total series); 29-karasukskaya culture (Yerba group); 30-karasukskaya culture (left-bank group); 31-karasukskaya culture (right-bank group); 32 - Karasuk culture (northern group); 33-Karasuk culture (southern group); 34 - Fedorovskaya culture of the Altai; 35 - Fedorovskaya culture of the Novosibirsk Ob region; 36 - Fedorovskaya culture of the Barabinsk forest - steppe; 37 - Fedorovskaya culture of the Kuznetsk Basin; 38-Fedorovskaya culture of the Minusinsk basin.
page 137
frequency of four-humped lower first molars , a trait traditionally associated with southern Europoid populations. Thus, we can speak not just about the absence of genetic links between the carriers of Irmen and Karasuk cultures, but about their formation on a fundamentally different basis.
Culturally, the northern component of the Karasuk population is related to the Okunevites, for whom the increased frequencies of the Carabelli tubercle and the metaconid knee fold are the absolute norm (Table 5). The southern element in the carriers of the Irmen culture dates back to the Fedorov populations, which for the most part were characterized by an exceptionally high level of gracilization (Zubova, 2012). Among the Karasuk people, the Fedorov component is much weaker, and it cannot offset the influence of the Okunev groups.
The similarity between the Fedorov and Irma series (see figure) confirms the hypothesis that the Irma population was formed on the Fedorov basis with the participation of autochthonous groups and indicates that the origin of the morphological core of this population is more related to the territory of the Barabinsk forest-steppe and the Novosibirsk Ob region than to the Kuznetsk Basin and Steppe Altai. On the dendrogram, the Korchazhka culture series is located closest to the Fedorovsky samples from these two regions, so the hypothesis about the intermediate status of its carriers in relation to the Andronovo and Irma populations receives new confirmation. At the same time, the frequency distribution of odontological features in the local Irma series and their position on the dendrogram indicate that there are no systemic differences between the Ins and Priobskaya groups. The composition of the Irmen population of the Barabinsk forest-steppe is most specific; odontological materials of this population show a metaconid knee fold, but this is due not to the occurrence of the inocular component in it, but to the peculiarity of the previous Fedorov group.
See Table 5. Frequencies of the main odontological features in the Irmen, Karasuk, and Okunevsky populations of Western Siberia
Group
Spade shape (2+3) I 1
Carabelli hillock (2-5) M 1
Hypoconus reduction (3, 3+) M2
6M1
4 M1
4M2
Distal trigonid crest M 1
Metaconide knee fold M 1
Data source
Irmenskiye Islands:
Kuznetsk Basin
57,06
15,60
41,28
4,54
26,65
87,56
18,00
0
This article
Tomsk Ob Region
0
0
12,50
0
37,50
100
0
0
The same thing
Novosibirsk Ob Region
36,36
12,50
55,00
0
21,05
100
14,29
0
"
Forest-steppe Altai
50,00
0
25,00
10,00
50,00
77,78
12,50
0
"
Karasukskiye of the Minusinsk basin:
yerbinskaya street
100,00
54,20
18,20
3,70
7,40
6,30
30,80
[Rykushina, 2007]
levoberezhnaya street
40,00
48,40
23,70
17,60
11,80
7,70
30,00
The same thing
pravoberezhnaya street
60,00
50,00
28,60
20,00
6,70
12,50
57,10
"
north
35,70
46,20
33,70
5,20
8,60
7,10
15,80
"
south
0
80,00
0
0
20,00
0
0
"
Karasukskaya of the Minusinsk basin in total
46,10
46,90
31,20
8,40
8,40
88,80
8,60
30,40
"
Okunevskie of the Minusinsk basin:
Draft form VIII
59,40
24,30
58,32
17,64
2,94
31,35
30,00
52,38
[Zubov, 1980]
Verkh-Askiz-1
11,10
42,90
40,00
10,50
0
61,10
64,30
16,70
Author's details
Uibat-5
42,90
55,60
88,90
12,50
0
42,86
33,30
33,30
The same thing
Itkol-1
75,00
70,00
38,46
0
0
0
50,00
0
"
page 138
Conclusion
The results of the analysis of odontological materials of the Irmen culture of Western Siberia allowed us to draw several conclusions. First of all, they once again confirmed that the Irma population was formed mainly on the basis of the interaction of Fedorov and autochthonous populations of the Novosibirsk Ob region and the Barabinsk forest-steppe. In the Kuznetsk basin and the forest-steppe Altai, the transformation of the Fedorov traditions is associated with the appearance of the Korchazhkin culture.
Odontological data also indicate that there are no genetic links between the Irmen and Karasuk populations of the Minusinsk basin. The frequency distribution of the most important markers suggests that the latter was formed on a local, Okunev basis, with a limited influence of the Fedorov groups. On the contrary, the carriers of the Irmen culture are dominated by gracile complexes of the southern branch of the Caucasian race, introduced by Fyodorov migrants, and moderately represented by fens marking the autochthonous population of the Ob and Barabinsk forest-steppe, which differs in composition from the Okunevites.
List of literature
Zakh V. A. The Bronze Age of the Himalayan region. Novosibirsk: Nauka Publ., 1997, 132 p. (in Russian)
Zubov, A. A., Characteristics of the dental system in the cranial series from the Okunevsky burial ground, Paleoanthropology of Siberia, Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1980, pp. 9-18.
Zubov A. A. Metodicheskoe posobie po antropologicheskomu analizu odontologicheskikh materialov [Methodological guide to the anthropological analysis of odontological materials]. Moscow: Etno-Online, 2006, 72 p.
Zubova A.V. Origin of the population of the Andronovo (Fedorovskaya) culture of Western Siberia. archaeology, anthropology, and ethnography. - 2012. - N 2. - p. 70-78.
Matveev A.V. Irmen culture in the forest-steppe Ob region. Novosibirsk: Novosibirsk State University Publ., 1993, 185 p. (in Russian)
Molodin V. I. Baraba in the Bronze Age. Novosibirsk: Nauka Publ., 1985, 200 p. (in Russian)
Rykushina G. V. Odontologicheskaya kharakteristika karasukskoy kul'tury [Odontological characteristics of the Karasuk culture]. 1977, Issue 57, pp. 143-154.
Rykushina G. V. Paleoanthropology of the Karasuk culture. Moscow: Stary Sad Publ., 2007, 198 p.
Stepanenko D. V. Pogrebal'nyj obryad irmenskoj i pozdneirmenskoj kul'tury: opyt mnogomernogo statisticheskogo analiza: avtoref. dis. ... kand. ist. nauk [Funeral rite of Irmen and Late Irmen cultures: experience of multidimensional statistical analysis]. Novosibirsk, 2012, 26 p. (in Russian)
Troitskaya T. N. Karasukskaya epokha v Novosibirsk'skom Priobye [The Karasuk Epoch in the Novosibirsk Ob region]. Novosibirsk: Nauka Publ., 1974, pp. 32-46.
Chikisheva T. A. Dynamics of the anthropological composition of the population of the South of Western Siberia in the Neolithic - Early Iron age. Novosibirsk, IAET SB RAS Publ., 2012, 468 p. (in Russian)
Molodin V. I., Parzinger G., Krivonogov S. K., Kazansky A. Yu., Chemyakina M. A., Matasova G. G., Vasilevsky A. N., Ovcharenko A. S., Grishin A. E., Ermakova N. V., Dergacheva M. I. Chicha - gorodishche perekhodnogo ot bronzy k zhelezu vremeni v Barabinskaya lesostepi [The ancient settlement of the transition from Bronze to Iron time in the Barabinsk forest-steppe]. Fedeneva, O. A. Nekrasova, L. N. Mylnikova, I. A. Durakov, L. S. Kobeleva, A.V. Zubova, T. A. Chikisheva, D. V. Pozdnyakov, A. S. Pilipenko, A. G. Romashchenko, I. V. Kulikov, V. F. Kobzev, O. I. Novikova, S. K. Vasiliev, I. Shneevayss, K. V. Shneev, and others. Privat, V. V. Boldyrev, V. A. Drebushchak, T. N. Drebushchak, E. I. Derevyanko, A. N. Borodovsky, D. Borgarit, I. Reiche, S. V. Kuzminykh, Zh. V. Marchenko. Novosibirsk: Publishing House of IAET SB RAS, 2009, vol. 3, 248 p.
Chlenova N. L. O kul'turakh bronzovoy epokhi lesostepnoy poloski Zapadnoy Sibiri [On the cultures of the Bronze Age of the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia].
The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 13.02.13, in the final version-on 18.03.13.
page 139
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