The collection of ancient art monuments kept in the Ivanovo Regional Art Museum (IOHM) includes exhibits related to the history of Egypt, Greece and Rome. The sparse ancient Egyptian part of this collection provides a fairly complete picture of the funereal cult and art of Egypt from the Middle Kingdom to the Ptolemaic era. The diverse antique part of the collection consists of utilitarian items, ceramics, tombstones, an urn for ashes, mosaics, a sculptural portrait of Faustina II, dating from the Archaic era to the third century AD, as well as forgeries of a later time.

The collection of ancient monuments was collected before 1917 by the local merchant of the 1st Guild, manufacturer Dmitry Burylin (1852-1924) and formed part of his huge collection of "rarities and antiquities", which included numismatic, textile and "Masonic" collections, books and manuscripts, monuments of foreign and domestic fine art.

D. G. Burylin first introduced his collection to the general public in April 1903, when he opened the charity exhibition "rarities and antiquities"in Ivanovo-Voznesensk for two weeks in six halls of the women's professional school. The exhibition featured 10,000 exhibits in the following sections: Russian, Sino-Japanese, Western European, Asian, Byzantine, and Greco-Roman. The newspaper "Northern Territory" in the article " Interesting exhibition. Letter from Ivanovo-Voznesensk "wrote then that the last section," which mainly contains coins and vases found during excavations, of course, can not give anything new to anyone who has seen the collection of Greek and Roman antiquities in the Hermitage " ¹ . An unknown author, apparently without suspecting it, made, in our opinion, a very flattering review of the Burylin archaeological collection. In 1914, D. G. Burylin opened the Museum of Industry and Art in a specially constructed building in the neoclassical style (with sculptures of Athena and Hermes on the facade), which housed the first exhibition of antiquities. In 1919, the museum was reorganized into the Ivanovo-Voznesensky Provincial Museum of Local Lore, and the ancient monuments became part of the archaeological department. Some of the exhibits of the ancient period after the Great Patriotic War were transferred to the affected museums of the Crimea, the remaining part of the collection of the "Ancient World" (with the exception of a few exhibits) in 1960 went to the newly formed art Museum.

As early as 1903, noting the public interest in the first exhibition from the collection of D. G. Burylin, his son Ivan, a student of the Moscow Imperial Technical School, in a letter to his father expressed the hope that "the arrangement of the exhibition, in addition to pleasure and material benefits, will bring indirect benefits, i.e. your collections will finally be systematized" ² .

Since the end of the XIX century, many scientists have been engaged in the description of numerous Burylinsky collections, unfortunately, the question of the sources of receipt of things was not given due attention at that time. Therefore, it has not yet been possible to fully and accurately reconstruct the history of D. G. Burylin's acquisition of his collections. The reason for this is not only the lack of references to sources of income in the accounting documentation, but also the fact that this issue was not comprehensively developed by researchers, as well as the disparity of extensive materials stored in different archives. Publications (mainly newspaper and magazine articles, materials in various collections) devoted to the collector and his collecting activities, in particular, the recently published first book about the art of collecting.

¹ State Archive of the Ivanovo region (GAIO). F. 205. On. 1. D. 267. L. 8.

² GAIO. F. 205. On. 1. D. 22. L. 45 1a.

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1. The Corinthian Oinochoi. VI century BC IOHM

G. D. Burylin ³, written on the basis of archival sources and memoirs and comprehensively recreating the pages of his biography, is rather popular in nature.

At the level of assumptions, questions remain about the principles of collecting and the time of formation of numerous collections of D. G. Burylin. Speaking about collecting activities in general, he named the beginning date of his collection as 1864 (at that time he was 12 years old), and in his biography written in 1913, he indicated the period of collection -from 1873 to 1913. ⁴ Regarding the collection of the "Ancient World", it can be assumed that by the end of 1898 d. the archaeological finds were collected in a separate room. The GAIO keeps a letter dated October 7, 1898, signed by a certain Maria Welt, expressing gratitude for the "pleasure" received from acquaintance with " rarities... archaeological cabinet " ⁵. D. G. Burylin was also interested in local archaeological materials. Whether there were objects of different eras and cultures in this "study" and what was their ratio-remains in question.

In the early 1980s, the Ivanovo Regional Art Museum began work on the analysis, systematization and restoration of the exhibits of the Ancient World collection. Specialists of the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts and the Hermitage helped in this work. It resulted in the creation of the Department of cultural monuments and art of the ancient world in the permanent exhibition of the museum. In parallel, work was carried out on the inventory of the collection. In the inventory cards for all items in the column "time and document of receipt" it is written: "from the collection of D. G. Burylin". The study of the history of D. G. Burylin's collection of the "Ancient World" was initiated by viewing inventory cards of the archaeological department of the provincial museum. Five of them contain references to places of discovery, probably transferred from the accounting books that were kept by D. G. Burylin, and not included in the subsequent inventory.

Corinthian oin-choy with a lid (N IOHM-3213, A-428, Fig. 1) and kilik (N IOHM-3214, A-429, Fig. 2) VI century BC, made in an orientalizing style, were found, as follows from the cards, "during excavations on the island of Berezani", and a red-figure pelica (Attica, IV century BC) with the image of the protoma of the Amazon and a horse (N IOHM-3215, A-430) "Kerch production". The bronze head of a man (N IOHM-3274, A-592), as recorded in the card, "was brought from Pompeii", and "wheat grains from the destroyed Egyptian pyramid were obviously brought by the museum owner D. G. Burylin from a trip to Egypt". In the file file of the provincial museum of the archaeological department under N 2247 is listed "human hand bone, burnt; from Kherson "(N IOHM-3288, A-608). Information in the accounting documentation about

³ Dodonova A. Dmitry Burylin. Ivanovo, 1997.

⁴ Kogalovsky B.C. Collector and charity activity of D. G. Burylin. Thesis, Ivanovo State University. university. Ivanovo, 1990, p. 22.

⁵ GAIO. F. 205. On. 1. D. 150. L. 43.

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Fig. 2. Kilik. VI century BC IOHM

the locations of finds and the origin of other exhibits in the collection are not available. As for the information about the above-mentioned things, it is currently not confirmed by documentary sources and, of course, can be accepted with great caution.

The three pieces of marble stored in the collection (N IOHM-3294/1-3, A-539/1-3) have paper stickers with the inscription in black ink. The stickers and inscriptions on two pieces were preserved in fragments. On the exhibit, under the fraction 3, we read: "A piece of marble from the Acropolis of Athens, brought by Yves. Petrovich Bukharov on February 22, 1910, who returned from a trip with a Floating Exhibition." A similar inscription is partially preserved on the outer and inner sides of the lid of an ancient Egyptian vessel of the New Kingdom period (N IOHM-3251, A-631): "...grains of wheat from ...Bukharov 22 f [Evral] 1910". Confirmation of the reliability of the above information can serve as a message dated April 22, 1910 of the organizing committee of the All-Russian Congress of Representatives of Russian Industry and Trade, concerning the question of measures for the development of trade with the Middle East. The message expresses its gratitude to D. G. Burylin for "the kind desire to provide the Congress with:.. a collection of samples of chintzes and fabrics traded in the Middle East markets " ⁶ . A note from Moskovskiye Vedomosti dated November 20, 1909, preserved by Burylin, also refers to the upcoming Russian national exhibition in the Middle East, which is being arranged on a motor ship that is to leave the Crimea for Egypt, then return to Odessa. ⁷

The fact that the results of archival research conducted by museum specialists remain "for internal use" for a long time sometimes leads visitors to try to independently study the exhibits that interest them.

At the beginning of 1964, the local newspaper Rabochy Krai published an article by psychiatrist A.M. Benevolensky (under the title "The mummy's secret revealed"), dedicated to the ancient Egyptian monument stored in the IOHM (N IOHM-3230, A-599). With the publication of a book by the same author ("In the wake of an ancient mystery"), the" hypothesis of A. Benevolensky " ⁸, concerning the question of the mummy, began to appear. Let's pay tribute to the author, who made his story about the medical-biological and archival research conducted by him an advertisement for a mysterious exhibit and for the first time pointed out the source of the mummy's arrival. According to him, it was purchased for Burylin in the Cairo Museum in 1913 by Alexander Levin after the return of Dmitry Gennadyevich and his wife Anna Alexandrovna from Moscow.

⁶ GAIO. F. 205. On. 1. D. 12. L. 61.

⁷ GAIO. F. 205. On. 1. D. 267.

⁸ Benevolensky A.M. Following in the footsteps of an ancient mystery. Yaroslavl, 1966. p. 4.

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foreign trip to the East ⁹ . Who is Alexander Levin, where and when Burylin met him is unknown. From a letter from Burylin's daughter S. D. Kuzmina, which Benevolensky cites in his book, it follows that Levin was a student, and during the trip he served as a guide and interpreter ^.10 The title of the document concerning the purchase and transportation of the mummy also includes "student Levin" ¹¹ . Benevolensky considered Levin a student of the Faculty of Natural Sciences of Kiev University ¹² . It was not possible to confirm or refute this information: our request from Kiev University was answered that the archive was lost during the Great Patriotic War. On June 21, 1913, Levin reported to Dmitry Gennadyevich: "After receiving your first letter, in which you ask me to buy this tomb at once, I went to the museum and bought it now (for the museum closes with us (emphasis added - G. S.) July 1-September 15)" ¹³ . The phrase "the museum is closing with us" is interesting, which gives the impression that Levin was not connected with the Egyptian capital by a short stay in it. Delivery of the mummy to Iva-novo-Voznesensk via the agency "Bansel" cost 90 francs cash on delivery ¹⁴ .

The fact that the mummy was purchased in Cairo in 1913 suggests that the ancient Egyptian sarcophagus (N IOHM-3232, A-601) was also purchased at the same time, and Levin's words "a magnificent tomb" ¹⁵ should rather be attributed to the rich painting on the sarcophagus. In addition, Benevolensky, trying to date the mummy, logically relied on the nature of the painting, fragmentally preserved on its swaddling clothes, as well as on the lid of the sarcophagus (attributed by O. D. Berlev and S. I. Khodzhash in the early 1990s as the sarcophagus of the shield-bearer Ankhef of the XXI dynasty), displayed nearby. We dare to assume that the sarcophagus of Ankhef got into the collection of D. G. Burylin a little later. In 1913, D. G. Burylin bought the exhibits of the A. L. Durov Museum in Voronezh. In the "Catalog of the Anatoly Leonidovich Durov Museum "in the" Department 1. Egyptian Antiquities "under the number one appears" sarcophagus with 3 lids of the 21st Egyptian royal dynasty... from the collections of the late Chamberlain of His Majesty's Court M. A. Khitrovo, who was a diplomatic agent in various Eastern states " ¹⁶ . Mikhail Alexandrovich Khitrovo (1837-1896), diplomat and poet, served in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs from 1859, and from 1883 (probably before being appointed ambassador to Romania in 1886) was a diplomatic agent and Consul General in Egypt ^.17 The idea that Ankhef's sarcophagus could have come from the Khitrovo collection is suggested by the following facts: first, it was easier for a diplomat of such high rank to obtain permission to export historical monuments from the one created in Egypt in the middle of the XIX century. The Antiquities Service, which monitored excavations and purchases of archaeological finds. Secondly, the dating of this monument coincides with that indicated in Durov's catalog, as well as the presence of a sarcophagus lid (N IOHM - 3233, A-602), a sarcophagus fragment (N IOHM-3261, A-605) and a mummy's cardboard box (N IOHM-5581, N/A-196), about the history of receipt of which no information has yet been found in archival sources.

In 1961, the museum commissioned for restoration the Pompeian mosaic "Rooster" of the first century AD (N IOHM-5546, A-641, Fig. 3). In 1963, an article by D. M. Likhacheva devoted to the attribution of this monument was published. Since the mosaic is undoubtedly an artistically valuable exhibit ¹⁸, experts were faced with questions concerning not only its restoration, but also the art and historical plan of D. M. Likhachev

⁹ Ibid., p. 19.

¹⁰ Ibid., p. 23.

¹¹ GAIO. F. 205. On. 1. D. 119.

¹² Benevolensky. Uk. soch. p. 19.

¹³ GAIO. F. 205. On. 1. D. 119. L. 8.

¹⁴ GAIO. F. 205. On. 1. D. 119. L. 1.

¹⁵ Ibid.

¹⁶ Catalog of the Anatoly Leonidovich Durov Museum. Voronezh, 1911.

¹⁷ The Great Encyclopedia / Edited by S. N. Yuzhakov, vol. 19, 1900-1909, pp. 574-575.

¹⁸ Likhacheva D. M. Attribution of mosaics of the Ivanovo Regional Art Museum // Revived Masterpieces, Moscow, 1963, p. 101.

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Fig. 3. Pompeian mosaic "Rooster". I c. AD IOHM

she suggested that the mosaic "Rooster" was bought by D. G. Burylin after 1903, since it was not included in the catalog of the aforementioned exhibition and could have been purchased "immediately before the construction of the Ivanovo Museum in the 1910s, where it was installed in the floor of the second floor" ¹⁹. A. A. Dodonova cites her daughter's memoirs Ksenia Dmitrievna Burylina on a trip abroad with her father in 1910: "I remember how when visiting the Pompeii excavations, we discovered a beautiful marble bas-relief and how he admired the newly discovered works of ancient art. During this time, he managed to acquire a few newly excavated items, and I think that he also acquired the wonderful Pompeian marble mosaic "Miracle Cockerel" ²⁰ . A. A. Dodonova adds on her own behalf, for some reason also using the adjective "marble", that Dmitry Gennadievich purchased the "Rooster" and "Medusa Gorgon" mosaics from an antique dealer from Pyatigorsk, Isaak Lazarevich Unikovich, who in June 1911 sent them from Rome to the city of Ivanovo-Voznesensk. This is evidenced by his letter of June 8, 1911, and documents in Russian and French. " ²¹

From Elena Burylina's letter to her father, written in July 1910, it can be concluded that in the summer of the same year Dmitry Gennadyevich was supposed to visit several countries, including Italy ^.22 In a letter dated July 15, 1910, his son Ivan informed his father: "I have received your letter from Rome - Naples." ²³ Probably at that time, while in Italy,

¹⁹ Ibid.

²⁰ Dodonova Street. Uk. op. p. 57.

²¹ Ibid.

²² GAIO. F. 205. On. 1. D. 27. L. 150.

²³ GAIO. F. 205. On. 1. D. 22. L. 1.

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Burylin met Anton Pavlovich Prato-Rimsky in Rome. The first known letter from him to Burylin dates back to August of the same year. According to the letters of A. P. Prato, it can be assumed that under the impression of the antiquities seen in Rome, Dmitry Gennadyevich turned to the" Italian " with a request to select exhibits for his collection, probably specifying the range of desired items. Obviously, the Russian guest also placed an order for the purchase of mosaics (at a possibly similar price). In October 1910. Anton Prato informed D. G. Burylin that there is an inexpensive mosaic, but it is unlikely to be liked, that there are also small Pompeian mosaics for 100, 150 and 200 lire, and it is guaranteed that all of them are antique ²⁴ . A letter from Rome, June 8, 1911. Anton Pavlovich notified Burylin about sending one box with two mosaics with images of the head of a Jellyfish and a rooster ²⁵ . Due to the lack of footnotes in the book by A. A. Dodonova, and therefore the inability to verify the information, we can only assume that the actions of I. L. Unikovich and A. P. Prato on the purchase of two mosaics somehow intersected. An exquisite mosaic plate with the head of Medusa Gorgon (N IOHM-3280, A-537) causes art historians to doubt the origin and dating, although the portrait of the Gorgon is designed in the Roman style.

The "Corpus of Bosporan Inscriptions" includes four limestone tombstones, dated from inscriptions that are no longer visible, I century BC-I century AD and now stored in the IOHM. Two of them: one with four (N IOHM-5543, C-368), the other with three figures (N IOHM-5583, N/V-198) are currently attributed to the III-II centuries BC; the other two-with the image of a woman and a girl and in the form of an architectural pediment (both pass under N IOHM-5585, N/V-200) - dated for some reason III-IV centuries AD. e. The source of receipt of tombstone stelae is indicated in the "Case" is the same: "Bought in Kerch by a resident of Ivanov D. G. Burylin for his own collection" ²⁶ . In the extant copy of a letter written by D. G. Burylin to the Imperial Archaeological Commission, we read:"...I have the honour to transmit to you a photograph taken from one of the tombstones I purchased in Kerch. " ²⁷ Based on archival data, it can be concluded that the ancient tombstones (including those installed in the lobby of the Burylin Museum) were bought by the Kerch antiquities merchant Ermolai Zaporozhsky in 1910-1914, ²⁸ during the preparation period for Burylin to open his museum. Obviously, due to the financial difficulties that developed in the autumn of 1913 in connection with the construction of the museum, there was a delay in transport payments, which may have led to the sale of some tombstones intended for Dmitry Burylin. In a letter dated October 20, 1913, Ivan Tarabrin, scientific secretary of the Alexander III Moscow Imperial Historical Museum, who had known Burylin for a long time, informed him: "Our museum recently learned that the Northern Railway Administration has scheduled for auction on November 15 Greek tombstones belonging to you. One of our colleagues has seen them and finds that they are of considerable scientific interest, and therefore, if they do not remain with you on November 15, our museum will consider it necessary to purchase them for itself at the second auction on November 18, so that these tombstones will not disappear without a trace for science. " ²⁹ And in a letter dated November 11, 1913, I. Tarabrin wrote to Dmitry Gennadyevich: "Regarding the tombstones you have purchased, Prince N. S. Shcherbatov, our highly respected Comrade of the Chairman, asks you to inform that the museum will not purchase tombstones, since you do not refuse to receive them from the railway." ³⁰

The museum built by D. G. Burylin had 10 departments, one of which was called the "Department of Greek and Egyptian Antiquities and excavations". Tombstones (Greek,

²⁴ GAIO. F. 205. On. 1. D. 130. L. 3.

²⁵ Ibid., l. 22.

²⁶ Corpus of Bosporan Inscriptions, Moscow-L., 1965, pp. 207, 293, 370, 45455.

²⁷ GAIO. F. 205. On. 1. D. 8. L. 16.

²⁸ GAIO. F. 205. On. 1. D. 115.

²⁹ GAIO. F. 205. On. 1. D. 9 la. L. 11.

³⁰ Ibid., l. 22.

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Roman, Armenian, etc.) were located in the underground tunnel ³¹, which connected the museum building with Burylin's residential mansion on the opposite side of the street.

In 1994, the museum bought a scarab bearing the name of Ramesses from a resident of Ivanov, D. L. Orlov, which, according to S. I. Khodzhash, dates from the 13th century BC (N IOHM-9392, d-644). The owner refrained from giving details of the appearance of such an unusual item. The scarab became the first exhibit to add to the collection of monuments of the ancient world, once collected by D. G. Burylin.

ON THE HISTORY OF THE ANCIENT COLLECTION OF IVANOVO DISTRICT ART MUSEUM

G.A. Sontseva

The article reviews the history of the collection of ancient art objects coming from Egypt, Greece, Rome and the North Pontic Area at the Art Museum of Ivanovo district. The objects were collected by a citizen of Ivanovo, merchant and patron of art D.G. Burylin. On the basis of documents from Ivanovo District State Archive, the author reconstructs the history of the most interesting objects (an Egyptian sarcophagus, Pompeian mosaics and stelae from Bosporus), their purchase, exposition, the opening of the Industrial and Arts Museum in 1914, later reorganized to become Ivanovo District Arts and Regional Studies Museum.

³¹ Vlasov I. Ivanovo-Voznesensky Provincial Museum. Ivanovo-Voznesensky provincial yearbook (calendar-reference book) for 1920. Ivanovo-Voznesensk, 1921. p. 189.

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