The character of the metropolitan government is best judged by the state of affairs in the colonies, since it is here that the characteristics of government usually become more prominent and prominent.

Alexis de Tocqueville "The Old Order and the Revolution" (translated by M. Fedorova)

The article examines the books of three American travelers who visited the United States in the 1920s. Taiwan (Formosa), which at that time was a Japanese colony. All the authors traveled as tourists, and their movements were constantly monitored by the Japanese authorities. Two of them were official guests of the Taiwan General Government. The books in question, which are of little interest from the point of view of information about the real state of affairs, show the mechanism of Japanese "colonial image-making", the forms and methods of propaganda of the modernization that the Japanese carried out in their first and "model" colony.

Keywords: Japan, Taiwan (Formosa), USA, colonialism, modernization, propaganda, image-making, tourism.

This article deals with hooks of three American voyagers who visited Taiwan (Formosa) under the Japanese rule in the 1920s. All the authors came to Taiwan as tourists and their voyages were strictly controlled by local Japanese authorities. Two of them were official guests of the office of Governor-General. Not much valuable as depictions of real situation, all these works demonstrated the mechanism of Japanese "colonial image-making", forms and methods used to propagate the modernization effectuated by the Japanese in their first and "model" colonial possession.

Keywords: Japan, Taiwan (Formosa), USA, colonialism, modernization, propaganda, image-making, tourism.

Tourist notes, if this tourist is not Stendhal, do not belong to the favorite categories of sources for historians. Unlike the works of scientific travelers who set themselves research tasks, or the books of outstanding writers or artists who have literary and cultural value regardless of the quality of representation of what they see, the travel notes of Globetrotters (German: "wandering around the world") - usually wealthy amateurs who have touched everything lightly-rarely contain new or valuable information. in scientific terms, information and just as rarely possess

Vasily MOLODYAKOV-Doctor of Political Science, Professor at Takuseku University (Tokyo, Japan). E-mail: dottore68@mail.ru.

Vassili E. MOLODIAKOV, PhD, LL.D. Prof., Takushoku University (Tokyo, Japan). E-mail: dottore68@mail.

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artistic merit. The information they collect is sparse and banal, their judgments and assessments are superficial and often factually incorrect, and their descriptions contain more stereotypes and cliches than reality. Do such "third-rate" texts deserve the researcher's attention?

As a source of information about the actual situation in the host countries-most likely not, since almost all the information contained in them can be found in more reliable publications and in a larger volume. However, from the point of view of studying propaganda technologies, image-making (modeling desired images), tourist notes are of considerable interest, especially since they have rarely been studied from this angle.

The tourist is convinced that he "saw everything with his own eyes", while he saw what was shown to him and heard what was told to him, especially if we are talking about a country or territory that is under the strict control of local authorities, including in relation to foreigners. Regardless of the extent to which the author himself is aware of the degree of freedom of his movements and impressions and the degree of engagement of the information provided to him, his notes mainly reflect the content and forms of propaganda and image-making of the host party. Tourist's notes are a mirror of state propaganda and image-making, although the clarity of reflection in it depends on the experience, observation and literary abilities of the author. We see what they showed him. Having a more or less adequate idea of the real situation in the described country at the described time, we can also assess what was not shown or told to them, as a result of which our understanding of state image-making will become more complete and voluminous.

Foreign tourists ' notes on Taiwan under Japanese colonial rule (1895-1945) are a rich source of material for such research. On the one hand, the first Japanese colony-essential for maintaining national prestige in the process of joining the "club of great powers" - was a showcase of the colonial and modernizing policies of the first Asian country to declare itself" modern "and"advanced." Foreign visitors were eager to show their best, especially since the second decade of the colonial period, the Japanese authorities in Taiwan really had something to brag about. I will refer at least to the report of Academician N. I. Vavilov, who in the autumn of 1929 was on a business trip from the USSR Academy of Sciences to Japan, Korea, and Taiwan [Vavilov, 1930]. He was not interested in social or political issues, but in the plant world, the state of agriculture and crop production, and scientific work in this area. The guest was provided with all possible assistance, including when visiting Taiwan:

"A route was developed all over the island, both inland and to the very south. The authorities provided us with means of communication, telegraphic instructions were given about meetings and overnight stays. The itinerary also included a visit to the mountainous areas inhabited by Malay tribes, the most warlike inhabitants of the island, the so-called "skull hunters"... A short visit to Taiwan turned out to be extremely productive" (Vavilov, 1987, p. 99-101).

All movements of foreigners on the island's territory were strictly controlled by the authorities, " outwardly respectful, but inwardly suspicious of foreigners "[Franck, 1924, p. 144]. The American journalist W. G. Chamberlain, who worked in Japan in the second half of the 1930s, stated that "the Japanese police and military in the colonies and semi-colonies - on Formosa, in Korea, in Manchukuo-are generally more wary and suspicious than in Japan itself" [Chamberlin, 1938, p. 241]. The increased attention of the Japanese to the internal and external security of their colonies was caused by the washing away of their long-term "pacification". As time went on, the authorities ' concerns about infiltration of revolutionary or anti-Russian colonies became increasingly important.-

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Japanese propaganda, as well as the possibility of negative portrayals of their activities in the foreign press.

Official Tokyo was very sensitive to the feedback and opinions of Europeans and Americans, who over time increasingly distrusted the information coming from the Japanese, because they saw it only as propaganda. The stories of compatriots, especially apolitical Globetrotters, were received with great confidence.

This article examines travelogues about colonial Taiwan in the 1920s by writer and journalist Poultney Bigelow (1855-1954), prolific travel writer Harry A. Franck (1881-1962), educator Harold Foght (1869-1954), and his wife Alice (1878-1952).. The Vogt couple will be considered the same author, since the book is narrated in the name of one Harold, whom the Japanese called Photo-san.

For all of these authors, a trip to Taiwan that lasted about two weeks was part of a trip to Japan. They devoted a considerable part of their books to the description of their stay on the island: Bigelow - 86 pages out of 272 (32%); Frank-95 pages out of 235 (40%); the Vogts-106 pages out of 438 (25%) (in the latter case, contrary to usual, the pagination includes inserts with illustrations and their blank pages revolutions). All three of them did not speak Japanese, Chinese, or even Taiwanese, so they were completely dependent on translators and guides. All three of them had no special knowledge of the region (unlike, for example, S. G. Eliseev and N. A. Nevsky, who visited the island for scientific purposes in the winter of 1912/1913 and in 1929, respectively), although the first two had extensive travel experience. All three of them had little political influence and were not politically engaged, but Bigelow and Frank had a steady readership, and Vogt was well-known in teaching circles. Together, this made them an ideal target for Japanese image makers ' efforts.

Pulteney Bigelow, the son of an American diplomat, grew up in Europe and was a schoolmate of the future Kaiser Wilhelm, with whom he played Indians. The "hunt for a change of places" took hold of him early, and Bigelow first found himself in Japan in 1872, when he was wrecked off its coast. An indefatigable adventurer, he often traveled alone, on foot or in a boat on rivers, and more than once illegally crossed state borders - Bigelow saw a lot. Observant, erudite, and possessed of a lively pen, he described his experiences and adventures in numerous articles and several books that were popular in the late nineteenth and first quarter of the twentieth centuries. The author positioned himself as an intellectual who paid attention to the social and political situation of the countries he visited, which often brought him trouble. He visited Taiwan during his fifth and final visit to Japan in the spring of 1921, which he described in his book Japan and Its Colonies (Bigelow, 1923). Bigelow lived for 98 years, but since the late 1920s, he was almost never published and was forgotten during his lifetime.

Harry Frank was one of the "professional tourists". Unlike Bigelow, the author of several books on German history, he wrote only about his travels and traveled "with an eye" to future books as a source of income. His predecessor can be called John Stoddard (1850-1931), who traveled extensively in Europe and Asia (he visited Japan and China, but did not get to Taiwan), and then traveled around the United States with lectures about what he saw and published them in 15 volumes. During his travels, Stoddard took many photographs, which he showed to listeners in the form of slides and included in books. Photos "from the scene" were designed to emphasize the authenticity of the story, so Frank also did not part with the "Kodak", capturing not only ancient monuments, but also everyday scenes.

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Calling himself a" tramp "and traveling" on a low budget, " Frank was a master of landscape sketches, descriptions of exotic, from the point of view of the American reader, plots and sharp words, but he was distinguished by restraint in his judgments on political topics. What he saw during his travels in China, Korea, and Japan in the spring and summer of 1923 (before the Great Kanto Earthquake of September 1, 1923), he carefully divided into three books: "On North China "(1923)," Sketches of Japan and Formosa "(Franck, 1924), and" On South China " (1925). After the Second World War, Frank was hardly published.

Harold Vogt, a specialist in agricultural secondary and secondary special education, went to Japan in the summer of 1925 not so much for tourist purposes as for scientific purposes, intending to get acquainted with the setting of education in the agricultural prefectures of Japan. Unlike Bigelow and Frank, the Vogts were not Globetrotters, and "Unfathomed Japan" (Foght, 1928) was the only book of their travel experiences; based on the content, the title should rather be translated as "Misunderstood", since the authors claimed to understand what came before them it was little known or misinterpreted. The book was published shortly after Harold Vogt was elected president of the University of Wichita in Kansas, and was intended to serve as his personal "PR". I will add that he does not directly indicate the date of the trip anywhere-perhaps so that the information does not seem outdated; the year is "calculated" by a cursory mention of the birthday of Emperor Taisho (Yoshihito), who turned 46 years old.

Bigelow traveled to Taiwan as a well-known writer and was surrounded by the care and attention of official Tokyo. He was even granted an audience with the Empress; the gravely ill Emperor Taisho had not been seen in public for several years and in 1921 officially handed over his functions to Crown Prince Hirohito-the future Showa Emperor-who was appointed regent. Among Bigelow's interlocutors were Foreign Minister Uchida Kosai and Vice Minister Hanihara Masanao (future Ambassador to the United States), Minister of the Imperial Court Makino Nobuaki, former Prime Minister Okuma Shigenobu, and the country's most famous banker Shibusawa Eiichi.

If these visits were protocol and "status", the conversation with the mayor of the capital, Goto Simpei, was directly related to our topic, since he was the civil governor of Taiwan for 8 years (1898-1906).

"Goto left such a mark on the beautiful island that his name is remembered everywhere, like [John] Nicholson in Punjab and [Stamford] Raffles in Singapore... Goto was able to lay the foundations for the administration of the colony, and it does credit to the intelligence and courage with which he carried out the reforms that are now associated with his name" [Bigelow, 1923, p. 18].

When asked about Taiwan's governance principles, he said::

"The first thing is to give officials the education they need for their future service. They should know Chinese and Malay (Taiwanese. - V. M.) languages; must know the history, customs and beliefs of the local population, so as not to arouse national and religious prejudices; must know the geography and natural conditions of each district, in order to act wisely and tact. Second, none of the local customs should be forcibly eradicated, and new laws should not be artificially imposed on people who are not ready for them... Finally, Goto emphasized the importance of a thorough land and population census" (Bigelow, 1923, p. 19-20).

It is not surprising that Bigelow was hosted by Governor-General Deng Kenjiro, civilian Governor Shimomura Hiroshi, Chief of Police Kawasaki Takukichi, and Taiwanese Army Commander Lieutenant-General Shiba Goro turned out to be an old acquaintance of the author (Bigelow, 1923, p. 56-58, 136-137).

Given the tensions in Japanese-American relations after the Washington Conference and the rise of anti-Japanese sentiment, Bigelow, who spoke as apolo-

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Goethe of Japan, felt it necessary to explain to readers about the nature and funding of his voyage:

"Some demagogues claimed that the feather of my pen is made of Japanese gold. Unfortunately for the followers of [William Randolph] Hearst and Hiram (Johnson, Senator from California, former governor of the state, initiator of legislative restrictions on Japanese immigration and immigrant rights. - V. M.), my recent trip to Japan and its colonies cost me personally, no matter how much else its government spent. My bank is ready to show any court the details of my account, from which it follows that half of my annual income went to this interesting journey. For me, this is an impressive amount, but, confident that the truth will benefit, I received much more in return. My friends in Japan did me a favor that no purse can pay for, but they were guided only by friendly feelings for America, which are not subject to accounting standards "[Bigelow, 1923, p. 260].

Frank traveled like a regular tourist, although the local official "made the unforgivable mistake of mistaking me for an important person." There is an obvious flirtation in this statement. Firstly, according to his own remark, "the island is small, European and American visitors are rare" (Franck, 1924, p. 156); compare: Foght, 1928, p. 326); secondly, the author previously visited Japan and Korea, where police supervision was particularly strict, therefore, the "competent authorities" could not fail to collect a dossier on him and knew who they were dealing with.

The Vogts were guests of the National Association for the Promotion of Education and the newspaper Kokumin, which apparently acted as a sponsor. The Japanese Ministry of Education participated in organizing the visit: "The Government's Open Sesame! it was always at our disposal" - and on the second day of their stay in Tokyo, they were received by the head of the department, Okada Ryohei [Foght, 1928, p. XI, 45]. They visited Taiwan as guests of the Governor-General; the organization of their stay on the island was entrusted to the Departments of Education and Agriculture of the Department of Internal Affairs of the General Government. Upon arrival in Taihoku (present-day They were immediately received by civilian Governor Goto Fumio, as Governor-General Izawa Takio was in Japan at the time. The authors pointed this out, emphasizing both the independence of view and the objectivity of the presentation:

"Yes, we were accompanied and shown around. But with the full understanding-and this was agreed in advance - that we are going to Japan from the other end of the Pacific Ocean to see Japanese reality as it is - for better and for worse... The courtesy of the government allowed us to see the real private, not just official, life of Japan" (Foght, 1928, p. xi).

The authors pursued various goals. Bigelow was interested in the experience of Japanese colonial policy, which the United States could apply in the Philippines and in other possessions that they inherited after the 1898 war with Spain, where "we are sincerely disliked" [Bigelow, 1923, p. 257]. He cited Goto's work in Taiwan as an example to the Governor-General of the Philippines, Leonard Wood, who was appointed to this position in 1921 and paid a brief visit to the island on his way to a new duty station; I would add that the Taiwanese general government also studied the activities of Americans in the Philippines [Chung Shu-min, 2014]. In addition to Taiwan, Bigelow visited Japanese possessions in China: the leased territory on the Liaodong Peninsula and the former German possessions in Shandong Province, captured at the beginning of the First World War and not yet returned to China, then Karafuto (South Sakhalin) [Bigelow, 1923, p. 197-217] and the island of Hokkaido, where the situation of aborigines attracted his attention-The Ainu people. Speaking about his impressions, the author emphasized the" civilizing "mission of the Japanese, the "scientific" nature of their colonial policy and the technical success of modernization. The beauty of nature did not surprise the experienced traveler too much. Japan was no longer exotic to him, and he even described his trip to Nikko as a pilgrimage to the grave of the great statesman Tokugawa Ieyasu.

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On the contrary, Frank - both in the mother country and in Taiwan - was not interested in achievements in the field of "civilization" and modernization, but in the exotic - something that his readers probably had never heard of. The Japanese part of the route was focused on "antiquity" and "beauty": Nikko, Kamakura, Enoshima, Ise, Kyoto, Nara, sacred mountain Koya-san, Miyajima, Beppu, Kagoshima. Almost a third of the Taiwanese part of the travelogue (30 pages), he devoted to describing the life of aborigines and visiting their village, as previously described visiting the Ainu village in Hokkaido, and otherwise described in detail the nature and details of everyday life.

Before the trip to Taiwan, the Vogts also visited Nikko, Nara and Miyajima, but the main route ran through the agricultural prefectures of Ibaraki, Niigata, Nagano, Yamanashi, where foreigners at that time rarely visited. In the ancient capital of Nara, they were more interested in the agricultural college than the deer in the park in front of the Todaiji Temple. Describing their stay in Taiwan, the Vogts paid attention to the natural beauty of the island and the life of its aborigines, but most of the presentation was expertly devoted to the education system. Probably, they expected that the book would be bought not only by fans of reading about distant countries, but also by university and school libraries and the most inquisitive colleagues. In addition to their personal impressions of Taiwan, all three of them (Frank - to the least extent) gave a general outline of its history and geography, containing only well - known information-probably from Japanese official materials (none of the authors have any references to sources).

In an effort to control as much as possible foreign visitors to Taiwan, the authorities did not exclude the island from international tourism. In the Official Guide to Japan, issued by the State Railways Administration , then the country's main tour operator (I used the 1933 edition), a two-week "recommended program" of visits was printed:

"Day 1. - Keelun and the surrounding area. Day 2. - Afternoon departure to Taihoku. Day 3. - Taihoku and the surrounding area. Day 4. From Taihoku to Taichu. Day 5. Check out of Taichu in the morning. Visit to [the lake] Jitsugetsu-tan and Musya via Nisui; then Hori or Shushu. Day 6. - From Hori (or Shushu) to Kagi via Nisui. Day 7. - From Kaga to Numanotaira (Arisan Mountains). Day 8. "Numanotair to Tainan via Kagi. Day 9. "Tynan and the surrounding area. Day 10. "Tainan to Takao." Day 11. "From Takao to Heito." Visit to a sugar factory. Day 12. - From Heito to Hokuto Hot Springs (near Taihoku) via Takao. Day 13. "Hokuto to Keelun." Day 14. Steamboat to Kobe [from Keelung]" [An Official Guide..., 1933, p. 459].

Translated into the language of modern geographical names, the route is as follows: Keelung-Taipei-Taichung-Lake Zhiyuetan-Meixi-Jiji-Jiji-Chiayi-Alishan Mountains-Tainan-Kaohsiung-Pingtung-Beitou Hot Springs-Keelung (thanks to V. A. Perminova for the reference).

For tourists traveling from Japan, a visit to the island began with the port of Keelun in the north of the island, where steamboats came from Kobe and Naha (now the capital of the prefecture. Okinawa) or the port of Takao in the south, connected to Yokohama; Keelun was also accessible from Hong Kong, Amoy (modern-day). Xiamen) and Shantou (Guide, 1933, p. 458). Visitors ' first impressions varied depending on their status. Bigelow was met by representatives of the general government, so he simply did not notice the passage of control [Bigelow, 1923, p. 55]. An education department official who met the Vogts, accompanied by reporters, a representative of the best hotel in the capital (the only European hotel on the island!), and a team of porters boarded the steamer, so that they were not detained for a minute [Foght, 1928, p. 334].

"After the paradisiacal freedom of living in China, where a foreigner enjoys the rights of extraterritoriality, it was almost a shock to realize that I was back in the land of the Mikado," Frank said humorously. "A pedantic minor police official respectfully but firmly detained me on board for the two hours required for telephone calls.-

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thieves with the "diplomatic office" in the local capital, because in my passport some t or i was written insufficiently legibly" [Franck, 1924, p. 142].

Upon entering, Frank encountered another problem. The same meticulous police official

"politely drew my attention to a dangerous mistake in the (official Japanese. - V. M.) guidebook: in Keelun, cameras are not "perceived with suspicion", as stated in the red book, but are strictly prohibited! Most of his speeches during the stupid two-hour wait came down to this very important issue. I hope that generally accurate compilers who are not free from human weaknesses will take care in the future not to allow other serious errors to tarnish these excellent pages" [Franck, 1924, p. 142].

Author's photos were an integral part of Frank's books and increased their attractiveness, which could not but affect sales, and therefore worried the author. He took no chances and only shot where it was not forbidden; of the 96 photographs in Sketches of Japan and Formosa, 30 were taken on the island. The 1933 edition of the official guidebook specifically states: "Photographing and sketching are prohibited in Keelun, Heikei (near Keelun), Takao, Hozan Radio Station, the Pescadores and the surrounding waters, as they are all located within the strategic zone" [Guide, 1933, p. 459]; the text is not only included in a separate paragraph, but also in italics. "All the fortified zones in the Japanese Empire," the experienced Frank noted, " are surrounded by frightening secrecy "[Franck, 1924, p. 162]. In Photo-san's notes, of the 28 photos of Taiwan, most, if not all, were taken by the Japanese: partly by their direct companions (where the travelers themselves are depicted), partly provided as informational materials. Unlike Frank's live photo sketches, they look staged. Bigelow's book contains only 8 photos. Two of them relate to Taiwan: one shows the author with an Aboriginal man in traditional costume; the other is an official portrait of Governor-General Deng Kenjiro.

Bigelow and the Vogts were constantly accompanied by Japanese officials and interpreters on their trips around the island. "The foreign policy department of the' general government 'insisted on giving 'Frank' special attention-of course, not out of mere courtesy "[Franck, 1924, p. 156]. The routes of all three of them generally corresponded to what the official guidebook offered, since not the entire territory of the island was open to the public. These included the modernised Taihoku, the former capital of Tainan, the" little Gibraltar "of Takao, one of the model villages of the "pacified" aborigines who "forgot bounty hunting for the less picturesque vice of yen hunting "[Franck, 1924, p. 147], the sugar factory and camphor tree plantation that brought the island worldwide fame. The Vogt couple toured many educational institutions, from an elementary school for Aboriginal children (the word savages was used at the time), taught by a local policeman (a common practice), to agricultural colleges equipped with laboratories and research stations for the latest science (they were also attended by Vavilov). Most of the praise went to Taihoku, which is "in many ways better than most Japanese cities" [Franck, 1924, p. 144], and "the general government building is considered the best government building in the entire Japanese Empire" [Foght, 1928, p. 338].

All the authors evaluated what they saw in Taiwan positively and sometimes admiringly, primarily from the point of view of the "civilizing activity" of the Japanese, starting with urban planning and infrastructure and ending with the sanitary condition, especially in contrast to China.

"Nothing that Japan has done so proves its greatness," Vogt said, " as the enlightened methods used in its domain, and the riches and people's lives that it has created.

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willingly sacrifices to achieve the desired goal - to turn once hostile colonies into contented and cooperative (with the mother country. V. M.) parts of the empire" [Foght, 1928, p. 385].

Photo-san's notes are generally enthusiastic about Japan, the Japanese, and everything Japanese; the couple was only confused by the toilet habits of the inhabitants of rural Honshu. Having seen many colonies in Asia and Africa, Bigelow claimed::

"Formosa perfectly proves that Japan avoids methods that harm the colonies of all European Catholic countries (among them the author included France under the anti - Catholic regime of the Third Republic-V. M.). On the other hand, we can confidently conclude that it does not imitate anyone, but conducts in its possessions a policy that Herbert Spencer called reasonable selfishness... Taming savages is a long and expensive job. It cost many lives, not to mention millions of dollars. But Japan does not take revenge and is not in a hurry. She wisely pursues a policy of educating Aboriginal people, supporting them by providing them with jobs in difficult times. In other words, the savages of Formosa are gradually realizing that looting and killing no longer benefits them, at least not under the Japanese. Don't think that Japan rules here in order to sentimentally amuse itself with a popular American game and make the world safe for democracy (an ironic allusion to the famous slogan of W. Wilson. VM)... Aborigines want to have a job and enjoy its fruits... Japan provides them with such an opportunity" [Bigelow, 1923, p. 82, 85-86].

"The Japanese did for Formosa what the United States did for the Philippine Islands, Cuba, and Puerto Rico," Vogt argued when he finished the book in 1927. " Both countries have implemented much-needed legal reforms, cleaned up dirty cities, built highways and railways, modernized the public education system, and transformed all public institutions." in accordance with scientific principles "[Foght, 1928, p. 341].

Bigelow expressed an unexpected thought for an American of those years: "What a blessing it would be for us and the whole world if Japan occupied one or more of our Latin American republics and ensured the safety of life and property there!" [Bigelow, 1923, p. 121]. According to Franck, the Taiwanese authorities are trying to treat aborigines "as fairly, humanely and effectively as we do, for example, in Santo Domingo or the Philippines" [Franck, 1924, p. 223].

The most critical reviews belong to Frank, who does not owe anything to the Japanese authorities, but always tried to adhere to the correct tone.

"Under the Japanese, one of the most dangerous places on the globe has become one of the safest as long as you stay out of the reach of mountain skull hunters. Formosa gives a clear picture of what China could have become under the Japanese, like [French] Indochina on what it could become under a European "protectorate". The material benefits that the Japanese brought to the Formosans are beyond question; the question remains whether their lives will generally be a more dignified existence under the imposed rule of foreign patrons... The Japanese manage Formosa for the benefit of the Formosans just as much as it benefits Japan and the Japanese, and not one iota more" [Franck, 1924, p. 173, 175].

He admitted that "barbed wire fences with electric shocks passed through them have become notorious, but even those who do not feel sympathy for the Japanese admit that it protects them" [Franck, 1924, p. 222].

The ability to supplement the tourist route was determined by the reliability of visitors from the point of view of the authorities. The "untested" Frank was not allowed to join the opium section of the Bureau of State Monopolies [Franck, 1924, p. 197], because the policy of restricting opium smoking, combined with the continued production of opium, caused criticism from many foreigners (this was one of the usual charges of Soviet propaganda). Foght was allowed to observe a "professional opium taster" working for the General Government as an expert - "as a special courtesy, since outsiders are not allowed there" [Foght, 1928, p. 344,

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347]. As early as 1906, the Taiwanese authorities provided assistance to a Russian journalist, I. S. Levitov, who came to the island specifically to study methods of combating opioid smoking, which he considered successful and proposed to apply in the Russian Far East [Golovachev and Perminova, 2014]. Bigelow received explanations about the opium policy personally from Goto Simpei, under whose leadership it was developed, and contrasted it with the American "dry law", which" prohibits drinking a glass of beer or claret even on Washington's birthday " [Bigelow, 1923, p. 20-22].

Wanting to show that they had nothing to hide from an experienced and sophisticated traveler, the Taiwanese authorities showed Bigelow the Taichu prison. Taichung). Her boss had previously served as a Buddhist priest and ordered her to follow the following precepts: "Honor your father and mother. Respect the law. Prisoners and guards should be like children and parents." According to the author of the touching description of " a prison with everything an enlightened penologist can recommend, ""the complete absence of unpleasant odors makes a special impression." Here, even "shackles are very light, but they are used for moral, not physical impact" - they are put on repeat offenders [Bigelow, 1923, p. 113-116].

Bigelow praised the policy of the colonial authorities in Taiwan to promote the traditional Japanese religion of Shinto and promote Buddhism without banning local cults, except for those related to cannibalism and homicide. "The Government recognizes the huge beneficial role of religious beliefs and ethical discipline. In its colonies, Japan not only builds railways and creates police forces, but also restores Chinese Buddhist temples and builds noble Shinto shrines" (Bigelow, 1923, p. 63). To what extent the Japanese were successful in promoting Shinto, he did not write. Franck, on the other hand, commented on the same topic: "Shinto is taught in schools, and shining new shrines can be seen everywhere on the peaceful part of the island; however, I have not seen a single Taiwanese who voluntarily goes there to pray, and I have not heard of anyone who voluntarily accepts this faith" (Franck, 1924, p. 191-192].

The only one of the three authors, Franck wrote about the militarization of the island and total military or police control: "There has been no martial law on Formosa for many years, but military clarity reigns everywhere-perhaps unconsciously" [Franck, 1924, p. 144]. He criticized the Japanese or wrote about the failures of their policies, although he put a lot into the mouth of "a Spanish priest who has lived on the island for almost forty years" [Franck, 1924, p. 177], and in some cases stipulated disagreement with what he heard. I assume that Frank's interlocutor could have been a Spanish Dominican missionary, Francisco Giner, who served on the island from 1886 to 1919 and returned here in 1923 [Otness, 1999, p. 61].

While acknowledging the remarkable material progress that the Japanese had made, the padre complained of a "decline in morals", a suspicious attitude towards foreigners, especially missionaries and their schools, and the disparity in the educational system and opportunities for Japanese and Taiwanese, which Voght attributed to the practical need to teach classes in one language that should be understood by the entire class (Foght, 1928, p. 348-351].

"Missionaries and other foreigners who have lived on the island for a long time and know enough of the local language to understand the mood of the people claim that the Formosans really hate the Japanese," but "if there really is a "Korean question" and two hundred miles south of Formosa a "Philippine question," then the "Formosan question" is a " Japanese question." the "question" doesn't seem to exist anymore. Independence, if it was ever thought of in Taiwan, is considered unattainable and therefore not worth thinking about" [Franck, 1924, p. 183-184].

Frank paid particular attention to the situation of foreigners permanently residing in Taiwan:

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"The Formosa authorities not only view all foreigners with distrust. The desire to impress the islanders with the greatness of Japan has led to a marked decline in the correct attitude towards whites. The authorities usually treat them as undesirable people who interfere in other people's affairs... Since Japanese consuls abroad are mostly engaged in military intelligence, it is impossible to convince the Japanese that our (American) consuls are focused on the commercial side of their work" [Franck, 1924, p. 185-186].
Bigelow described a meeting in Taihoku with a disgruntled American who "cursed all Japanese for dishonesty and tyranny, cursed them confidently, referring to business relations with them." After listening to him sympathetically, the author found out that the interlocutor

"he is a salesman for a large pharmaceutical company in Detroit, speaks neither Japanese nor Chinese, has never been to the East before, knows nothing about local customs and police regulations, but he assured me, like some other compatriots, that all Japanese are thieves and liars, and all Chinese are honest. He came from China, where there is no control over the turnover of medicines (and drugs; in the original one word "drugs". - V. M.), and was offended to learn that Japan protects its people from poison dealers and that drug sellers must obey certain police regulations, just like in other civilized countries. The young man did not tell me that he decided to break the local law by complaining that the Taiwanese police did not allow him to earn money." A compassionate traveler offered to go to the authorities, but the salesman refused, saying that he could not wait for the steamer to Amoy. Expressing "an aversion to all things Japanese," he "spoke warmly of the missionaries, who, he said, were willing to buy medicine from him." Bigelow did go to see Consul General Henry Hitchcock, but Hitchcock knew what had happened and advised him to "save it for another time." "The consul cited many similar cases - complaints about the arbitrariness and duplicity of Japanese officials are caused by the mistake of those who send people abroad without knowledge of languages other than those spoken in Michigan. I will add that Hitchcock himself speaks excellent Japanese and embodies the best in Uncle Sam's consular service "[Bigelow, 1923, p. 133-135].

How do you evaluate these books from the point of view of Japanese colonial policy PR?

The "host" had to be completely satisfied with Bigelow and the Vogts ' books, which were an unqualified eulogy for Japan and the success of its "civilizing" mission. The authors emphasized their impartiality combined with competence: Bigelow - in matters of colonial administration, Vogt - in the organization of education, especially agricultural. Both did not emphasize to the reader that the local authorities strictly controlled all their movements, although this is obvious from the text; both gratefully noted the cooperation of the authorities and did not complain that they were not allowed to see something they wanted. Even Frank's book, which contains criticism of certain actions of the Japanese authorities, including suspicious attitude towards foreigners, does not dispute their positive contribution to the development of Taiwan and improvement of living conditions on the island - in contrast to the Soviet propaganda of the 1920s and 1930s, which depicted Japanese colonial policy in black paint [Molodyakov, 2014].

When showing Taiwan to foreign visitors, the Japanese colonial authorities focused on their achievements in the following areas:

Infrastructure: ports, railways and highways, modern buildings. Hygiene: hospitals, outpatient clinics, health safety for the entire developed territory of the island, once known as a hotbed of tropical diseases. Education: from specialty colleges equipped with the latest science and technology, to Aboriginal schools that offer the opportunity to learn Japanese and then benefit from the Japanese education system. "Domestication" of the aborigines: some of the " skull hunters "are engaged in peaceful work, receive education and are ready to communicate with tourists;" barbaric "customs, such as bandaging girls' feet, have been abolished on the island, and there is an effective struggle to limit opioid smoking.

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The authorities gave visitors the impression that there were no national or class problems on the island at all. Unobtrusively emphasized the desire to bring living conditions in Taiwan closer to those in the metropolis, especially in the areas of education, service and comfort, as well as the contrast with the living conditions and features of everyday life in mainland China. Even W. G. Chamberlain, who was critical of the Japanese, admitted: "In terms of the cleanliness and sanitary condition of cities, means of transport and communication, hygiene measures aimed at eradicating infectious diseases, the absence of banditry and piracy, the contrast (of Taiwan with China. - V. M.) is very strong and completely in favor of Japan " [Chamberlin, 1938, p. 151]. Pointing to the" unquestionably imperialist "nature of Japanese administration of Taiwan, Chamberlin noted that it was" effective and labor imperialism " (Chamberlin, 1938, p. 152).

The books of all the authors reviewed emphasized Taiwan's tourism potential-combining the beauty of wildlife and exotics, such as the opportunity to visit a peaceful Aboriginal village, with the safety and convenience of travel. This further enhanced the PR effect of their travel notes, which was desirable for the "host party", which, however, did not and apparently did not seek to make the" beautiful island " a center of international tourism.

list of literature

Vavilov N. I. Science in Japan. (From the impressions of a trip to Japan, Korea and Formosa in the autumn of 1929) / / Nature. 1930. N 4. pp. 355-378.

Vavilov N. I. Journey to Taiwan// Vavilov N. I. Five Continents, Moscow: Mysl, 1987, pp. 99-101.
Golovachev V. Ts., Perminova V. A. Zhurnalistist I. S. Levitov ob opiumnoy politike na Taiwane [Journalist I. S. Levitov on opium policy in Taiwan]. Vladivostok. 2014. N 4. pp. 80-89.

Molodyakov V. E. [Colonial Taiwan in Soviet Analytics of the 1920s and 1930s]. 2014. N 3. pp. 28-38.

Zhong Shu-min. Bairns Firipin to Nihon totika no Taiwan: Dan Kenjiro sotoku jidai no koryu-o chushin shite. (Philippines under American Rule and Taiwan under Japanese Rule: Contacts and Cooperation in the governorship of Deng Kenjiro) / / Nitirotai kedo Taiwan kenkyu purozekuto. Daiikkai kokusai simpojumu. Seie kara mita Nihon no sekumin seisaku. (A joint Japanese-Russian-Taiwanese project to explore Taiwan. The first international symposium. Japan's Colonial Policy: a View from the West). Tokyo: Takusyoku daigaku, 2014, pp. 29-38.

Bigelow P. Japan and Her Colonies. London: Edward Arnold, 1923.

Chamberlin W.H. Japan over Asia. London: Duckworth, 1938.

Foght Harold & Alice. Unfathomed Japan: A Travel Tale in the Highways and Byways of Japan and Formosa. N.Y.: Macmillan, 1928.

Franck H.A. Glimpses of Japan and Formosa. N.Y.: Century, 1924.

An Official Guide to Japan: A Handbook for Travelers. Tokyo: Japanese Government Railways, 1933.

Otness H.M. One Thousand Westerners in Taiwan, to 1945: A Biographical and Bibliographical Dictionary. <Taipei:> Academia Sinica, 1999.

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