Keywords: Russian Federation, Republic of Korea, economic cooperation, balanced trade relations, joint projects, development of resources of the Far East

On May 8, 2015, the leaders of Russia and China signed an important document - a Joint Statement stating the need to synchronize integration processes in the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), which includes Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Armenia and Kyrgyzstan, with the Chinese Silk Road Economic Belt project. As Vladimir Putin noted, " ... in fact, we are talking about reaching a new level of partnership in the future, which implies a common economic space on the entire Eurasian continent."¹. This super project is capable of transforming the economic map of the modern world in a decade and a half. It is based on the concept of a single free transport space, the so-called "Seamless Asia".

The idea of creating a Eurasian economic space is not alien to the Republic of Korea. On July 14, 2015, the central railway station of Seoul hosted the launch ceremony of the Eurasian Express, which ran from South Korea (Seoul - Beijing - Ulaanbaatar-Irkutsk) through Russia and finished in Berlin, covering 14.4 thousand km of travel through the territories of 6 countries in three weeks.

The main goals of this campaign, dedicated to the 70th anniversary of the liberation of Korea from Japanese colonial rule and the 25th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan, are to strengthen friendship, cooperation and trust between the states of Asia and Europe. This intercontinental railway project involves promoting the "Yerazian Initiative" of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Park Geun-hae to create a single transport, logistics and cultural corridor from Korea to Europe, as well as promoting the unification of the Korean nation.

"EURASIAN INITIATIVE" AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION

Recall that back in the fall of 2013. Park Geun-hae presented her vision of multilateral cooperation that should lead to the integration of the economic space of Europe and Asia into one peaceful and prosperous continent. Dubbed the "Eurasian Initiative," the South Korean president's program draws on the vast potential of several major regions, covering the EU, Northeast Asia, and Russia. It also implies the inclusion of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in the new Association of states; in the future, it is also possible to include NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement). As a result, a giant market is formed, covering more than 90% of the world economy in terms of its scale. The President of Kazakhstan sees the Korean Peninsula as the" gateway to Eurasia".

Park Geun-hae is not the first Korean president to include "building the foundation for peaceful unification" in his agenda. Her predecessors, Kim Dae Joon and Noh Moo Hyun, tried to achieve the same goal. But if they sought to find a solution to the Korean problem through the development of direct inter-Korean dialogue, Park hopes to lay the foundation for" peaceful unification of the two Koreas "within the framework of multilateral relations of the Eurasian Community, believing that through" diplomacy of trust " North Korea will lead to economic restructuring, political opening and renunciation of nuclear weapons.

According to the President of the Republic of Korea, the reunification of Korea will become a synergistic impetus for accelerating economic development not only for the new united Korean state, but also for neighboring countries of Northeast Asia (NEA). After the reconciliation and subsequent unification of Korea, the first priority will be to create the full social infrastructure of its northern part, including the construction of railways, bridges and autobahns using the Internet.

The article was prepared within the framework of the grant for the joint research of RGNF-UNDA (2014-2015), grant N 14 - 27 - 09001 "Ways to strengthen security and cooperation in East Asia".

South Korean technologies. According to experts of the Republic of Kazakhstan, taking into account the reduction in defense spending, the economy of a single country will be able to grow much faster, by about more than 10% annually. At the same time, many social problems will be solved, including in South Korea, such as reducing unemployment, training and employment of young people, the consequences of population aging, etc.

President Park Geun-hye's "Eurasian Initiative" project focuses on enhancing (at least at the initial stage) cooperation between the Republic of Korea, China, Russia and the DPRK, primarily through the creation of integrated logistics and energy systems. The Eurasian project involves the integration of energy infrastructures, taking into account the interests of both countries-producers and exporters of energy resources, and countries-consumers and importers of these resources. At the same time, the main item on the list of events of President Park's Eurasian initiative is the creation of the Silk Road Express (SRX), which will connect South and North Korea with Russia, China, Central Asia and Europe.

INVITATION TO THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST

At the Russian-South Korean summit held in Seoul in November 2013, both sides noted that the Eurasian cooperation projects meet the interests of the two countries. The Russian delegation confirmed the interest of our state in participating in the" Eurasian Initiative", the implementation of which will also help the economic development of Eastern Siberia and the Far East, taking into account the fact that the Far East should become a platform for Russia to enter the markets of the Asia-Pacific region. The ROK delegation also stressed the importance for Seoul of intensifying cooperation with Russia in such areas as transport, energy and agriculture.

Earlier, in 2008, South Korean President Lee Myung-bak proposed a new format of relations between the two countries, which he described as the"New Silk Road". According to the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Russia and the Republic of Korea should be united by a system of relations that will be built on three main components: This is the "Iron Silk Road", which will connect the railways of the Korean Peninsula and the Trans-Siberian Railway; "Energy Silk Road", which means the development of cooperation in the development of Russian oil and gas fields; and "Green Silk Road", which will ensure cooperation between the two countries in the field of forestry and agriculture in Primorsky Krai.

The most important outcome of the Russian-South Korean summit was the signing of a memorandum of understanding, which, in particular, states that South Korean companies will be able to participate in the modernization of the railway between the Russian border station Hasan and the city of Rajin in North Korea, as well as in the development and expansion of the port of Rajin ².

It should be noted that although the implementation of this project by the Russian side began in 2008, the participation of Kazakhstan in it has not yet been noticed. Meanwhile, when completed, the region would have an integrated transport system connecting the markets of North-East Asia and Europe. Goods from Asian countries could arrive by sea at the port of Rajin and be transported to European countries by rail. Russian workers and specialists have already reconstructed over 50 km of the North Korean railway and built a terminal for handling bulk cargo in Rajin. South Korea expresses an active desire to participate in research in the Arctic in order to find out the possibilities of using the Northern Sea Route for cargo transportation.

Among the planned prospects is the participation of Kazakhstan in ^the construction of a $1.7 billion "solar power plant" in Russia, which is expected to be commissioned in 2020.3 The signed memorandum on the establishment of a joint Russian-South Korean scientific center on the basis of the Skolkovo International Research Center will serve to expand scientific and technical cooperation.

THERE MAY BE MORE AREAS OF COOPERATION

I believe that the range of economic cooperation between our countries can be significantly expanded. It would be beneficial for South Korean farmers to establish direct links with Russian food industry enterprises and become part of a unified agricultural cluster. Joint construction of ports and sea vessels can be mutually beneficial. In total, by 2030, Russia plans to order 512 container ships and tankers for the transportation of liquefied gas4 to the shipbuilding companies of the Republic ^of Korea. Companies of the Republic of Kazakhstan are ready to take part in the construction of housing in the Russian Arctic.

Encouraging grounds for expanding mutual cooperation were laid during the visit of Russian President Vladimir Putin to South Korea in November 2013, when a number of important documents were signed, including the Memorandum of Understanding between the Russian Direct Investment Fund and the Korean Investment Corporation on the creation of a joint investment platform, a Memorandum of Understanding and cooperation in the field of creating Russian Shipbuilding Center, Memorandum of Cooperation between Russian Railways, POSCO, Korea Railways Corporation and Hyundai Merchant Marine Co., Ltd.

In support of cooperation, the visa regime between Russia and the Republic of Korea has been abolished since January 1, 2014. The long-awaited impulse to expand trade and economic cooperation between the two countries was given by the settlement of the problem of the Russian nuclear power plant.-

Russian debt to the Republic of Kazakhstan. As a result of the negotiations, an agreement was signed on the restructuring of the Russian debt in the amount of $1.3 billion. and its ^{repayment by 2023.5}

The growing dynamism of bilateral cooperation over the past decade is aimed at creating a full-fledged strategic partnership between our countries. At the same time, special attention is paid to the Far East and Siberia. The importance of these regions of Russia in mutual cooperation will largely determine both the overall level and nature of economic cooperation between the two countries.

In addition to the above-mentioned agreements in the field of transport and construction, the Republic of Korea and Russia also agreed to work together on the creation and application of new technologies in many industries. It is no exaggeration to say that almost all joint projects of our country and Kazakhstan are more or less related to new technologies. Among the main areas of our cooperation are the fuel and energy complex, transport, ocean research, space industry, natural resource development, information technology, communications and fisheries.

WHAT IS THE "COMPATIBILITY" OF THE TWO COUNTRIES ' ECONOMIES?

Analysis of the dynamics of quantitative indicators of Russian-South Korean cooperation shows that the volume of mutual trade is largely related to the general economic situation in the two countries and grows during periods of economic recovery, as well as feels the impact of fluctuations in the exchange rates of national currencies against the dollar and the degree of its volatility in the global financial market. To a lesser extent, Russian-South Korean relations are affected by trends in the movement of global capital, which is a consequence of the relatively small volume of investment and credit cooperation.

Other factors also play a certain role, for example, the dominance of economic cooperation interests with major trading partners (for Kazakhstan-China, for Russia-China, as well as the EU and CIS countries). Thus, the volume of trade between Russia and South Korea in 2013 was only 1/10 of the volume of trade between South Korea and China, estimated at $256 billion.⁶ With a gap in the volume of foreign trade between South Korea ($1.070 trillion in 2013) and Russia ($848.1 billion in 2013)⁷ the share of trade with Kazakhstan for our country was only 2.9%, the share of Kazakhstan - 2.3%⁸. For comparison, the share of trade with China in the Republic of Korea's foreign trade turnover was 26%in ^the same year9.

The gap in investment volumes is even more significant: South Korean firms have invested $56 billion in China, and only $1.9 billion in Russia.¹⁰ Meanwhile, the total volume of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Russia in 2013 increased by 84% compared to 2012 and amounted to $94 billion. In the global ranking, according to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the Russian Federation ranked 3rd in terms of FDI inflows for the first time. Back in 2012. Russia was only in 9th place ($51 billion)."

In general, since the establishment of diplomatic relations between the Russian Federation and the ROK in 1990, Russian-South Korean relations have developed rapidly and covered almost all areas of cooperation. High-level meetings played an important role in this. A legal framework for bilateral cooperation has been established, and more than 50 agreements have been signed, including on trade, investment guarantees, fisheries, the prevention of double taxation, cooperation in the military-technical field, in the peaceful use of nuclear energy, on cultural exchange, and on visa-free stay of citizens of one state on the territory of another in the Russian Federation. within 60 days for holders of all types of international passports. It operates at the intergovernmental level

The Russian-Korean Joint Commission on Economic, Scientific and Technical Cooperation, which includes 10 industry committees and sub-commissions.

STATISTICS SHOW THAT TRADE TURNOVER IS GROWING

The Republic of Korea is one of the 20 largest economies in the world and has an impressive industrial, technological and scientific potential. The steady dynamic development and qualitative changes that occurred after the 1997-1998 financial crisis in the South Korean economy make it possible to classify it as one of those that have a significant impact on regional and global processes in the world. Actively participating in major economic integration groupings and organizations (OECD, APEC, WTO, etc.), the Republic of Korea strives to become a regional business center of Northeast Asia (NEA).

Today, Kazakhstan is a highly developed country with more than 50 million people, with a GDP of $1.509 trillion and a steady 2-3% annual economic growth.¹² This largely explains the fact that over 25 years of bilateral relations, the Republic of Korea has taken the 3rd place in the list of Russia's foreign trade partners in Northeast Asia.¹³ And among all foreign trade partners of the Russian Federation, it ranks 11th. Recall that Russia's GDP is $3.272 trillion, and the average annual growth of this indicator was 3.4%before Western sanctions ¹⁴. Our country has a strong reputation as the main storehouse of raw materials in the world, and this is an important factor in further accelerating economic growth and increasing the weight of our country in the global economy.

The economies of our countries can be considered complementary. For South Korea, which is practically devoid of mineral and other raw material resources, it is extremely attractive to participate in the development of natural resources in Siberia and the Far East. Russia, on the other hand, is undoubtedly pre --

Table 1

Russian exports and imports in trade with the Republic of Korea ($ mln)

Source: Korea Customs Service, February 2014; FCS of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2014 Xls - https://am3-excel.officeapps.live.eom/x/_layouts/xlprintview.aspx...

It is a promising market for South Korean industrial products.

The "Concept of Long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020 "states that" ... cooperation with Japan and the Republic of Korea should be used primarily to obtain technologies. The development of relations with these countries will go in the following directions: diversification of exports of goods and services, including using the opportunities for creating joint ventures and ensuring favorable conditions for access to the markets of partner states " ¹⁵.

Statistical indicators of trade and economic cooperation between Russia and the Republic of Korea, at least outwardly, look positive. From 1992 to 2014, foreign trade turnover increased more than 140-fold , from $190 million to $27.3 billion (see Table 1). At the same time, Russian exports reached $18.3 billion, imports from the Republic of Korea - $9 billion ¹⁶. However, the volume of bilateral trade in 2014 of $27.3 billion is much less than the Russian-Chinese ($88.4 billion) or Russian-Japanese ($30.8 billion) trade turnover.¹⁷

As can be seen from Table 1, trade turnover between the two countries is expected to grow in the early 2000s. The global crisis led to a drop in trade turnover in 2009 by almost 2 times compared to 2008, but in 2010 the mutual trade exchange approached the level of 2008, and in 2014 it increased significantly. However, neither Russia nor the Republic of Korea are satisfied with the current level of bilateral relations. Russia ranks 11th among the Republic of Korea's foreign trade partners (12th in terms of exports and 9th in terms of imports).¹⁸. These indicators are far from the indicators of trade exchange that Kazakhstan has with such countries as the United States, Japan, China, etc. Thus, the trade turnover of South Korea with Japan amounted to more than $ 94 billion, and with the United States - $106 billion. and with China - $228 billion ¹⁹.

(It should be noted that the export of goods and services of the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2012 made up 56.5% of GDP ²⁰. This indicator demonstrates the strong dependence of the South Korean economy on the external market and the important role of foreign trade for this country.)

THE STRUCTURE OF TRADE IS STILL IMPERFECT

The structure of mutual trade is still largely conservative and archaic: Russia supplies mainly petroleum products and mineral raw materials, while Korea supplies machine-building products, electronics, and mass-consumption goods. As a result, any price fluctuation in these product groups on world markets affects the overall turnover of goods.²¹ As a recent study by Capital Economics (CapEc) has shown, both countries are affected differently by this "super cycle"in the context of the general decline in commodity prices that began in 2012. While CapEc ranked the Republic of Korea among the main winners, Russia, along with Nigeria and Venezuela, was ranked among the most losers ²².

The structure of Russian exports to the Republic of Korea is dominated by supplies of raw materials: fuel and mineral products (79%), metals and products made from them (9%), food products and agricultural raw materials (8%) (see Table 2).

The structure of imports is formed by: machinery, equipment and vehicles (78%), chemical industry products (11%), metals and products made from them (5%) ²³.

The current structure of bilateral trade is quite vulnerable, given the possibility of any kind of crisis. Russian and South Korean companies have long been equally concerned with trade diversification.²⁴

HOW TO INCREASE INVESTMENT ACTIVITY

A significant part of South Korean companies ' capital investments, which amount to more than $ 2.5 billion (1,247 projects), went to the Russian Federation through direct connections at the regional level.²⁵ First of all, these are investments in the Russian Far East (logging, hotel complex, agriculture, auto assembly)²⁶. South Korean investments were mainly directed to the industrial and fuel and energy sectors of the Russian economy. These investments have helped turn the Far Eastern Federal District (FEFD) into an important link in bilateral trade and economic ties-it accounts for more than 40% of all Russian - South Korean trade turnover.

There is a tendency for South Korean investors to "turn" towards infrastructure and large regional industrial projects. Only $149.8 million (575 projects)of direct investment was received from Russia in the South Korean economy²⁷. While the total volume of Russian FDI has grown 18-fold since 2000, reaching $362 billion.²⁸ This is very small, but it should be taken into account that in the conditions of poorly developed infrastructure, especially in the Far East, and insufficient elaboration of many aspects of the investment climate in general, only representatives of large South Korean businesses can make high-risk investments in the Russian market. The passivity of Russian state and private investors in South Korea is explained by a number of objective reasons, primarily by the lack of necessary commercial information, etc.

Certain problems were caused by the unjustified delay in settling the debt to the Republic of Kazakhstan, which the Russian Federation inherited from the USSR. It took 14 years to resolve this issue

Table 2

Structure of foreign trade between Russia and the Republic of Korea

Source: Suslina S. S. Traditional and new spheres of bilateral trade. Russia-the Republic of Korea: towards a New Agenda of bilateral relations / G. A. Ivashentsov (ruk.) et al.: Russian Council on International Affairs (RIAC), Moscow, Special Book. 2013, p. 28.

years. It was only in 2004, 14 years after the establishment of diplomatic relations, that normal financial and credit conditions were created for South Korean companies to invest in the Russian economy, which resulted in an almost 10 - fold increase in South Korean investment in Russia in 2005-2012 alone.

Currently, about 600 South Korean companies successfully operate in Russia in various fields-from energy to instrument making and services. Among the most successful examples are the Hyundai Motor car assembly plant in St. Petersburg, the plants of Elji Electronics and Samsung Electronics, respectively, in the Moscow and Kaluga regions, and the assembly of KIA cars at Avtotor in the Kaliningrad Region.

WE NEED A NEW LEVEL OF COOPERATION

However, there is a real threat of a slowdown in the development of trade and economic cooperation between Russia and South Korea, if it does not move to a higher level, where new opportunities for its expansion will be explored with an emphasis on activating innovation and investment exchanges. It is important for us to join the processes of creating research and production chains operating in almost all NEA countries, which is associated with the expansion of demand for innovative products.

There are opportunities to expand Russian-South Korean cooperation in many areas. First of all, it is necessary to balance the structure of mutual trade, when Russia supplies mainly petroleum products and mineral raw materials, while South Korea supplies machine-building products, electronics, and mass-consumption goods. Any price fluctuation in these product groups on world markets affects the turnover as a whole. We need to move on to forming strong technological and industrial alliances, and implement major infrastructure projects, primarily in the regions of the Russian Far East. According to South Korea's so-called "natural resources diplomacy", the significant potential of Russian-South Korean cooperation still lies in the development of mineral and energy resources in Siberia and the Far East at the bilateral and multilateral levels.*

Projects are already being developed that include large-scale exports of Russian liquefied gas, oil and electricity to South Korea, cooperation in automotive and shipbuilding, the peaceful use of nuclear energy, information technology and communications, finance, and space exploration. In January 2013 The successful launch of the Naro rocket, a joint Russian-South Korean development, took place.

Russia plans to strengthen its economic integration into the Asia-Pacific region as a whole, creating competitive conditions for placing export-oriented production facilities in our country, primarily aimed at the Asia-Pacific markets. South Korean businesses could play a significant role in implementing these plans. Agreements on investment cooperation went beyond national borders when, during Vladimir Putin's visit to Seoul in November 2013, a Memorandum of Intent on cooperation in the field of railway communication was signed. South Korean firms Posco, Hyundai Merchant Marine, and the state - owned Korail company can get almost half of the Russian stake in Rason KonTrans, which is 70% of the shares - in this grand 340-million (in dollar terms) project ²⁹.

To encourage mutual investment activities, at the suggestion of the South Korean side, the Russian Direct Investment Fund and the Korean Investment Corporation are creating a so-called "investment platform" in the amount of $1 billion, and at the Russian initiative, Vnesheconombank and the Korean Eximbank are also forming a target financial mechanism for $1 billion.³⁰

Along with the traditional supplies of our oil to the Republic of Korea (Rosneft supplies 1.3 million tons annually) and gas (Gazprom supplies 1.5 million tons of liquefied natural gas (LNG)), issues of industrial cooperation in this area are being worked out. ³¹ In particular, we are talking about the joint construction of large plants for the production of liquefied natural gas in Yamal and the Russian Far East. Kazakhstan and Russia discuss the option of gas supplies via China. Although LNG supplies are a priority for Russia, Seoul also suggests considering the possibility of gas supplies via the pipeline - in this case, it will cost the Korean side about 30% less. There are two options for laying the "pipe" - through the territory of China along the bottom of the Yellow Sea, or from Vladivostok along the bottom of the Eastern Sea.

South Korean entrepreneurs and specialists express their readiness to take part in the development of the Northern Sea Route infrastructure in order to start supplying Russian hydrocarbons via this route, which promises significant orders for the shipbuilding industry, and great joint work on the modernization of the port infrastructure and the port economy as a whole. The question is raised that in the shipbuilding industry it is time to move from a simple traditional "customer-supplier" scheme to close production cooperation. If these plans are implemented, Russia has a unique opportunity to accelerate and expand the scale of shipbuilding development in the Far East, and on a more advanced organizational and technological platform.

* "Natural resources diplomacy" refers to a set of measures implemented by major South Korean companies with the active support and assistance of the Government, trying to gain access to natural resource deposits abroad. This policy was especially actively implemented under the previous President of the country, Lee Myung-bak (2008-2013), who elevated it to the rank of one of the main directions of the state strategy.

Participation in the joint use of the transport corridor between the Asia-Pacific region, Central Asia and Europe may also be of significant investment interest for South Korean companies. As you know, Russia has decided to modernize the BAM and Trans-Siberian Railway. Significant funds are allocated for this purpose, including from reserve funds. The Russian Railways company has already reconstructed the above - mentioned section of the Khasan-Rajin railway in the DPRK. Thus, the first important steps have been taken to implement a possible trilateral project to connect the Trans-Korean Railway with the Trans-Siberian Railway. Russia is counting on active involvement of South Korean investors in these projects.

The development of cooperation in high-tech areas, among which medicine deserves special attention, promises great prospects. The potential of cooperation in the field of small and medium-sized businesses is still underestimated.

In 2013, with the assistance of the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade representation, 13 Russian business missions were organized in Kazakhstan - three times more than in the previous year. Entrepreneurs from Kamchatka, Primorye and Khabarovsk territories, Sverdlovsk, Magadan, Omsk, Sakhalin and Sverdlovsk oblasts visited Kazakhstan ³².

Many countries of the Asia-Pacific region, including the Republic of Korea and other NEA neighbors of this country, conclude free trade agreements among themselves. We should take a closer look at this interesting experience. Interstate free trade agreements help businesses in each country build their regional strategy in accordance with mutually agreed mutually beneficial conditions. The development of Russian-South Korean trade and economic cooperation on this basis would receive a powerful additional impetus.

In the meantime, we have to admit that Russian-South Korean economic cooperation, despite its undoubted achievements in many areas, has a huge array of untapped reserves and unrealized opportunities.

¹ Merchant. N 21. 18.06.2015. Thematic app "New transport infrastructure" - http://www.kommersant.ru/private/pdoc?docsid-2745758

² For more information, see: Kiryanov O. V. Russia - North Korea. Khasan-Rajin Project / / Asia and Africa Today. 2015, N 6. (Kiryanov O.V. 2015. Rossiya - KNDR. Proekt "Hasan-Radzhin" // Aziya i Afrika segodnya. N 6) (in Russian)

^3rd Session of the Russian-Korean Business Dialogue http://www.kremlin.ru/news/19610

⁴ Speech by the President of the Russian Federation on the prospects of economic cooperation between Russia and the countries of the Asia-Pacific region, in particular with South Korea. November 13, 2013, Seoul. Meeting of the Russian-Korean Business Dialogue - https://interaffairs.ru/news/show/10189

⁵ Ibid.

⁶ According to KOSIS - http://kosis.kr/

⁷ From the speech of Deputy Minister of Economic Development Alexey Likhachev on January 28, 2014 at a seminar for journalists organized by the Ministry of Economic Development - http://www.economy.gov.ru/

⁸ According to the author's calculations.

⁹ According to the Korean Statistical Information Service -http://www.kosis.kr/en/

¹⁰ Speech by the President of the Russian Federation on the prospects of economic cooperation between Russia and the countries of the Asia-Pacific region...

¹¹ Report of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). 2013.

¹² World Development Indicators 2014 - http://data.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/wdi-2014-ch1.pdf

^13th Session of the Russian-Korean Business Dialogue...

¹⁴ World Development Indicators 2014...

¹⁵ Concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020 economy.gov.ru/minec/activity/sections/strategicplanning/.../indexdoc

¹⁶ Workbook - http://russiancouncil.ru/inner/?id_4=2659#top; RK 2014 Federal Customs Service.xls - https://am3-excel.officeapps.live.eom/x/_layouts/xlprintview.aspx...

¹⁷ ROK 2014 FCS. Xls...

¹⁸ Russian Embassy in Kazakhstan - http://russian-embassy.org/ru/?page id=26

¹⁹ Korea Customs Service Export/Import by Country -http://english.customs.go.kr/kcshome/trade/TradeCountryList.do

²⁰ ОЭСР Country statistical profile: Korea - http://www.oecdilibrary.org/economics/country-statistical-profile-korea_20752288-table-kor

^21st Session of the Russian-Korean Business Dialogue...

^{Butrin D.} 22 Russia loses, Korea gains / / Kommersant. 10.08.2015. N 142.

²³ Trade and economic cooperation of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan-portal of the Ministry of Foreign Economic Affairs of the Russian Federation. services of the Ministry of Economic Development -http://www.ved.gov.ru/

^{Samsonova V.} 24 Russian-South Korean economic cooperation: a decade of new perspectives and opportunities. Report at the 23rd IDV RAS Conference. Москва, 21 - 22 июня 2011 г. -http://www.eurasiahub.org/data/ftproot/20110621_22_23%EC%B0%A8%ED%95%9C%EB %9F%AC/12%20Report%20V.%20Samsonova.pdf

²⁵ Russian Embassy in Kazakhstan - http://russian-embassy.org/ru/?page_id=26

²⁶ According to the Export-Import Bank of Korea (the Export-Import Bank of Korea - Korea Eximbank) - http://www.koreaexim.go.kr/en/

²⁷ According to the Ministry of Knowledge Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan -http://www.mke.go.kr

^{Fedorovsky A. N.} 28 The prolonged expectation of an investment boom. РСМД - http://www.Russiancouncil.ru

²⁹ Memorandum of Cooperation between Russian Railways, POSCO, Korea Railways Corporation and Hyundai Merchant Marine Co., Ltd - http://inosmi.ru/world/20131116/214840537.html#ixzz2w2RKcB57@inosmi on Twitter // InoSMI on Facebook

³⁰ Memorandum of Understanding between the State Corporation Bank for Development and Foreign Economic Affairs (Vnesheconombank) and the Export-Import Bank of the Republic of Korea (KEXIM). Memorandum of Understanding between the Russian Direct Investment Fund and the Korean Investment Corporation on the creation of a joint investment platform - tpp-inform.ru/Тематический дневник/4137.html Regnum.ru/Новости/Туризм/1731758.html

³¹ Speech by the President of the Russian Federation on the prospects of economic cooperation between Russia and the countries of the Asia-Pacific region...

^{Ulyukayev A.} 32 We have an ambitious task-to increase the Russian-Korean trade turnover to $ 30 billion-http://www.forumspb.com/ru/2014/sections/22/materials/196/news/173

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