UDC 902.652

Based on the analysis of the radiocarbon chronology of Neolithic and Bronze Age cultures of Yakutia and comparison of dates with calibration curves based on dendrochronology data, a scheme for the existence of these cultures in "calendar time"is proposed. 92 radiocarbon dates (some unpublished) obtained from 30 archaeological sites were analyzed. The chronology of the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age cultures of Yakutia has been significantly corrected. In the Bronze Age, in addition to the Ust-Milsk culture, two new cultures are distinguished: the Ulakhan-Segelennyakh culture and the Sughunnakh survival-ymyyakhtakh culture. The first, whose characteristic feature is ceramics decorated with "pearls", stamps and indentations, spread in the second millennium BC in Southern, South-Western and South-Eastern Yakutia. The second one existed in the Yakut Arctic, judging by radiocarbon dating data, probably from the first millennium BC and, at least, until the first centuries AD. It is assumed that all three cultures of the Bronze Age of Yakutia were formed with the direct participation of carriers of the Ymyyakhtakh culture of the late Neolithic.

Key words: Yakutia, Neolithic, Bronze Age, radiocarbon, chronology, culture, ceramics.

Introduction

The basis for constructing chronological scales in archeology is still the radiocarbon method, which has played a huge positive role in developing the chronology of support multi-layered sites in Yakutia. Back in the 1960s and 1980s, when the first scheme of archaeological periodization of Yakutia was proposed, based on the results of radiocarbon dating, the dates were corrected using the "Godwin correction" and the "Zuss curve" (Mochanov, 1969; Mochanov and Fedoseeva, 1975, pp. 47-49; Fedoseeva, 1980, p. 212). et al.]. Currently, it is customary to translate the radiocarbon age into "calendar time" using calibration curves created on the dendrochronology database in recent years. The history of the idea of radiocarbon date calibration and its basics are described in detail in many publications (see, for example, [Kuzmin et al., 1998, pp. 81-83; Borodovsky et al., 2003]). Today, computer programs developed in laboratories in Groningen, Oxford, Belfast, etc. are widely used and are available to any user. The differences in the calibration intervals are insignificant, because the same calibration curves are used. When writing this article, we used OxCal version 3.10, created in Oxford. The purpose of this paper is to summarize all available radiocarbon dates for the Neolithic and Bronze Age of Yakutia with an analysis of the radiocarbon chronology of cultures in comparison with calibration curves. We do not deal with the chronology of Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene monuments, as well as those related to the Early Iron Age and the Middle Ages, as these are topics for separate discussions. Nevertheless, to determine the position of the considered cultures in the general scheme of periodization, the most recent dates of Mesolithic Sumnaga monuments and the earliest dates of Early Iron Age complexes are used.

Research history

The first scheme of periodization of the Neolithic and Paleometallic cultures of Yakutia, based on a typological comparison of materials from Yakut sites and cellars-

In the 1940s, A. P. Okladnikov proposed a new approach to the cultural complexes of the Baikal region [1955]. However, as noted above, in the 1960s - 1980s, only after the discovery of multi-layered monuments on Aldan and Olekma, the periodization and chronology of archaeological cultures of Yakutia was developed, based on radiocarbon dating data. At that time, this method began to be widely used in archaeology. The scheme of development of ancient cultures, originally developed for the monuments of Aldan and Olekma, was later extended to the entire territory of Yakutia and was used by archaeologists with some adjustments until recently. First, in the preface to the collection "Yakutia and its Neighbors in Ancient Times" [1975, p. 7] and in the article by Yu. A. Mochanov and S. A. Fedoseeva published in this collection [1975], the following chronology of Neolithic and Paleometallic cultures was given: Syalakh (Early Neolithic) - 6,200 ± 100 - 5,000 ± 100 BP; Belkachinskaya (Middle Neolithic) - 5 000 ± 100 - 3 900 ± ± 100; ymyyakhtakhskaya (Late Neolithic) - 3 900 ± 100 - 3 100 ± 100; ust-milskaya (bronze age) - 3 100 ± ± 100 - 2 100 ± 100; cultural events Early Iron Age complexes - 2,100 ± 100-500 ± 100 liters.n.

It should be noted that although this chronology is based on radiocarbon dates calculated based on a half-life of ¹⁴ S, equal to 5,568 years, it is given taking into account multiplication by a factor of 1.03, which is entered to recalculate dates in the system of a half-life of ¹⁴ S, equal to 5,730 years. Without this amendment, it looked somewhat different [Ibid., p. 46]: Syalakh culture - 6 000 ± 100 - 4 900 ± 100 l. n.; belkachinskaya - 4 900 ± 100 - 3 800 ± 100; ymyyakhtakhskaya - 3 800 ± 100 - 2 900 ± 100; ust-milskaya - 2 900 ± 100-2,000 ± 100; Early Iron Age cultural complexes - 2,000 ± 100 - 500 ± 100 BP.

The authors also suggested comparing the dates with the "Suess curve" based on dendrochronology data [Ibid., pp. 48-49]. In this case, the cultures, especially the first two, turned out to be somewhat older: Syalakh - 7 000 - 5 600 l. n.; belkachinskaya - 5 600 - 4 200; ymyyakhtakhskaya - 4 200 - 3 300; ust-milskaya - 3 300 - 2 100; cultural complexes of the early Iron Age - 2 100 - 700 L.n.

In the series of books "Archaeological Sites of Yakutia", the chronology of Neolithic and Paleometallic cultures was already given as follows [Mochanov et al., 1983, p. 13; 1991, p. 11]: Syalakh culture (Early Neolithic) - 6 200 ± 100 - 5 200 ± 100 Belkachinskaya (Middle Neolithic) - 5 200 ± 100 - 4 100 ± 100; ymyyakhtakhskaya (Late Neolithic) - 4 100 ± 100 - 3 300 ± ± 100; ust-milskaya (bronze age) - 3 300 ± 100 - 2 400 ± 100; Early Iron Age cultural complexes - 2,400 ± 100-500 ± 100 l. n. This chronology is used in most works on the archeology of Yakutia published in the late 20th century. In recent publications by Yu. A. Mochanov and S. A. Fedoseeva, it is presented in a slightly different form (Fedoseeva, 1999, p. 58-59; Mochanov and Fedoseeva, 2001, p. 32; 2002, p. 28): Syalakh culture (Neolithic, 6.5-5.2 thousand years ago); Belkachin culture (Neolithic, 5.2 thousand years ago). - 4,1 thousand years AGO); ymyyakhtakh culture (transition stage from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age, 4,1-3,3 thousand years ago); Ust-Milskaya culture (Bronze Age, 3,3-2,5 thousand years ago); cultural complexes of the Early Iron Period (2,5-0,5 thousand years ago). In this scheme, the Syalakh and Belkachin cultures are assigned to the Neolithic without specifying their position in the periodization scale, the Ymyyakhtakh culture is defined as a transition stage from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age; the lower boundary of the Syalakh culture is moved to the level of 6.5 thousand years ago, and the cultural complexes of the Early Iron Age - to the level of 2.5 thousand years ago.

Of great importance for correcting the chronology of the Ymyyakhtakh culture and the Bronze and Iron Age cultures in South Yakutia was the discovery and study of the Ulakhan Segelennyakh multi - layered monument on the Tokko River in the Olekma River basin in 1987-1997 (Figs. 1, 7). 15 cultural layers were identified in the parking lot. Layers XV-VIII belong to the Ymyyakhtakh culture, VII - to the Bronze Age, VI-II-to the Early Iron Age and the Middle Ages. 28 radiocarbon dates have been obtained, some of which have not yet been published. In connection with the dating of cultural strata of the monument, the following chronology of Neolithic and Early Metal Age cultures of Yakutia is proposed [Alekseev, 1996a, p. 42, 49, 55, 70; 1996b, p. 18]: Syalakhskaya (Early Neolithic) - 6 200 ± 100 - 5 200 ± 100 Belkachinskaya (Middle Neolithic) - 5 200 ± 100 - 4 100 ± 100; ymyyakhtakhskaya (Late Neolithic) - 4 200 ± 100 - 3 500/3 300 ± 100; ust-milskaya (bronze age) - 3 500/3 300 ± 100- 2 500 ± 100; Early Iron Age cultural complexes - 2,500 ± 100-1,500 ± 100 hp

Radiocarbon dating data and interpretation of materials obtained during the excavation of the Ulakhan Segelenni site made it possible to significantly correct the chronology of the Bronze and Early Iron Ages of Yakutia. In addition, it is proposed to single out the period of the Early Middle Ages from the VI to XII centuries AD, during which the infiltration of Turkic ethnic groups began here (Alekseev, 1996b, p.28; Stepanov, 2003).

Results and discussion

We analyzed 92 radiocarbon dates obtained from the materials of 30 archaeological sites of Yakutia and surrounding territories (see the table): 2 most recent - Mesolithic Sumnaga culture, 15-Syalakh Early Neolithic (including the date of Ust-Tokko I site, I fix-

1. Radiocarbon-dated archaeological sites of the Taimyr Peninsula, Yakutia, Northern Okhotsk and Chukotka (mentioned in the article).

1-Ust-Polovinka; 2-Bytyk; 3-Abylaakh 1; 4-Talanda II; 5-Ulakhan-Haergas II; 6 - Khayyrgas cave; 7-Ulakhan Segelenyakh; 8-Ust-Tokko 1; 9-Bolshaya Kyuske; 10 - Deering-Yuryakh burial ground; 11 - Pokrovskoe burial 2; 12-Chuchur-Muransky burial ground; 13 - Vilyuiskoe Highway burial ground; 14 - Regional Hospital burial ground; 15 - Nehher burial ground; 16 - Matta burial ground; 17 - Siktyakh I; 18-Ust - Chuga II; 19-Aldakai I; 20-Ust-Timpton 1; 21-Sumnagin I; 22-Tumulur burial; 23 - Tumulur; 24-Belkachi I; 25-Deniska-Yuryuete; 26-Belaya Gora; 27 - Burulgino; 28 - Rodinka burial; 29-Pomazka burial ground; 30-Kuhgui III; 31-Nile-Estuary; 32-Khurenja V; 33-Khurenja VIII; 34-Siberdik; 35-Agrobaza IV; 36-Rauchuvagytgyn I; 37-Srednoye Lake; 38-Bolshoy Nuteneut II; 39-Tytyl IV; 40-Lake Chirovoe; 41-Ust-Belsky burial ground; 42-Terkemkyn I; 43-Kurupka II; 44-Marich V burial ground; 45 - Getlianen III; 46-Utaatap; 47-Koolen III.

the boundary between the layers of the Syalakh and Belkachin cultures), 10 - Belkachin of the Middle Neolithic (including the date of the Ust-Chuga II site, which fixes the boundary between the layers of the Belkachin and Ymyakhtakh cultures), 35 - Ymyakhtakh of the late Neolithic (including three dates of monuments located in Chukotka and one obtained in Taimyr), 4 - late monuments of the Ymyyakhtakh cultural tradition (including two dates of the Rauchuvagytgyn I site located in Chukotka), 7-Ust-Mil culture of the Bronze Age (including the date for the uninvented upper layer of layer II of the Ust-Timpton I site and the date of the Siktyakh I site, interpreted by some researchers as belonging to the Early Iron Age), 5 - other Bronze Age monuments (including the burial date of the Regional Hospital), 4-monuments belonging to the Neolithic period in general (including the date of the Rodinka burial), 4-mixed complexes of the Late Neolithic and Paleometallic periods, as well as 6 earliest dates of Early Iron Age complexes.

Radiocarbon dates of layers XVI and XX of the Sumnagin I site, as well as layers VII and VIII of the Belkachi I monument, are key in determining the lower boundary of the Sumnagin culture and the upper boundary of the Syalakh culture. Calibration shows that the date is 5,970 ± ± 70 BP (LE-676) for the lower layer VII of the Belkachi I site, which belongs to the Syalakh culture, with a probability of 95.4 % (±2σ) lies in the interval from 5040 to 4700 BC. However, for layer VIII associated with the Sumnaga culture, there is a later date-5,900 ± 70 BP (LE-678) [Mochanov, 1977, p. 103]. Yu. A. Mochanov previously noted that what is a non-response-

Radiocarbon dates of Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments in Yakutia

Continuation of the table

End of the table

Notes: BV-Bronze Age, BC-Belkachin culture, N-Neolithic, PM-Paleometallic epoch, RZHV-Early Iron Age, SuK-Sumnagin culture, SyK-Syalakh culture, UMK-ust-milsk culture, Y - ymyyakhtakh culture, YT - ymyakhtakh cultural tradition, ↑ - rejuvenated date, ↓ - an old date.

The difference between the dates LE-676 and LE-768 does not exceed twice the average statistical error [Ibid., p. 110]. Calibration shows that the date for layer VIII is in the range 4950-4580 BC. In this case, the upper limit of the calibrated date LE-676 fixes the lower boundary of the Syalakh culture. These indicators are more clearly supported by radiocarbon data from the Sumnagin I site (Mochanov and Fedoseeva, 1975, p. 43; Mochanov, 1977, p.200). Date of Syalakh layer XVI - 5,880 ± 60 BP (LE-794), calibrated-4910-4580 BC; Sumnagin layer XX-5,960 ± 60 BP (LE-795), calibrated-5000-4710 BC. Apparently, the change of cultures on Aldan (Sumnagin to Syalakh) occurred approximately in the middle of the first half of the fifth millennium BC. From the territorial point of view, the date of the upper horizon of layer VII of the Nizhnelensk site Siktyakh I - 5 220 ± 170 BP (IM-530) is important (Mochanov et al., 1991, p. 66). Calibration for ±1σ (68.2% probability) indicates that the Syalakhs on the lower Lena appeared in 4260-3800 BC, i.e. at the turn of the V-IV millennium BC. The latest date for pure Syalakh complexes was obtained from the materials of layer XI of the Sumnagin I site - 4670 ± 60 BP (LE-736) (Mochanov and Fedoseeva, 1975, p. 43). Calibration shows that it is located in the interval 3640-3340 BC. Thus, the lower boundary of the Syalakh culture dates from the middle of the first half of the fifth millennium BC, and the upper one-from the middle of the fourth millennium BC. The final Sumnagin culture is clearly fixed by the date of layer XX of the Sumnagin I site and refers to the first quarter of the fifth millennium BC. n. e.

A series of radiocarbon dates have been obtained in recent years for cultural strata of the Ust-Chuga II multilayered monument (Figs. 1, 18), discovered in 2003 by S. A. Vorobyov in the upper reaches of the Aldan*. Here, the earliest date recorded for the pure complex of the Belkacha culture contained in layer IV is 5,310 ± 115 BP (COAN-6689)**. Its calibration for ±2σ indicates 4400 - 3800 BC, and for ±1σ-4320-3990 BC. If the date is reliable, then the Belkachin people appeared on Aldan already at the end of the fifth millennium. Taking into account the date of LE-736, it can be stated that, at least in Aldan, the Belkachin culture completely replaced the Syalakh culture in the middle of the IV millennium BC.At the same time, the coexistence of carriers of these cultures here for about 600 years is allowed. The latest date for the pure Belkachinsky complex was obtained from coal from the upper part of layer IX of the Sumnagin I site - 3750 ± 50 BP (LE-859) [Mochanov and Fedoseeva, 1975, p. 44; Fedoseeva, 1980, p.21]. Its calibration for ±2σ indicates 2310 - 2010 BC, for ±1σ-2280-2040 BC.

1, 28), discovered on the lower Kolyma River in 1980. The discoverer of the burial, S. P. Kistenev, believed that it belonged to the tribes of the late Belkachin people who had contacts with the early Ymyyakhtakh people, although the radiocarbon date obtained from the bones of the buried person is somewhat younger than the upper boundary of the period of existence of the Belkachin culture - 3,600 ± 60 BP (GIN-5594) [1980, p. 87; 1992, p. 73]. V. A. Kashin and V. V. Kalinina [1997, p. 43] explicitly indicate that the Rodinka burial site most likely belongs to the Ymyyakhtakh people, since according to the materials and dates of layer IV of the site Siktyakh I, in the Yakut Arctic Region at that time there was already the ymyyakhtakh culture. Judging by the calibration of the radiocarbon date, the burial was left in the period from 2140 to 1770 BC. It should be noted that the cultural affiliation of most Yakut burials of the Neolithic and Paleometallic periods is not fully clarified.

To date, 39 radiocarbon dates have been obtained for monuments of the Ymyakhtakh culture and the Ymyakhtakh cultural tradition. Their calibration suggests that the lower boundary of the Ymyyakhtakh culture is much older than previously assumed. The earliest date, apparently, is 4,258 ± 125 BP (IM-1017), obtained from wood from layer XII of the Ulakhan Segelennye site on the Tokko River (Alekseev, 1996a, p. 37, 61). The age of the layer is in good agreement with the dates of the overlying XI horizon 4,090 ± 150 BP (IM-1010) and 4,060 ± 100 BP (GIN-8389). Calibration of the IM-1017 date for ±2σ refers it to 3350 - 2450 BC, and for ±1σ-to 3030-2630 BC. Therefore, the Ymyyakhtakh culture spread in Southern Yakutia no later than the middle of the third millennium BC, and possibly earlier, since there is a layer below layer XII. there are three more horizons of this culture, the dates for which have not yet been obtained (layer XIII is dated, but all dates are clearly "rejuvenated" (see table)). Most likely, it appeared on this territory at the turn of the IV-III millennium BC, and in the middle of the III millennium BC it spread to a significant part of Yakutia, including the lower Lena, judging by the date for the lower layer of layer IV in Siktyakh I-4 020 ± 50 BC (GIN-2340) [Mochanov et al., 1991, p. 66]. At the same time, the Ymyyakhtakh tribes co-existed with the late Belkachin people for ca. 750 years, as indicated by the above-mentioned radiocarbon date of 3,750 ± 50 BP (LE-859) obtained for the upper part of layer IX of the Sumnagin I site.

Despite the rather large number of dates for various complexes of the Ymyyakhtakh culture,

* Vorob'ev S. A. Report on archaeological excavations of the Ust-Chuga II multi-layer site in the field season of 2006. - Neryungri, 2007. - 144 p. - Archive of OPI IA RAS. * * Ibid., pp. 56,75.

there are still many questions, including such an important one as its belonging to a certain historical period. In this connection, it should be noted that the earliest dated Ymyyakhtakh complex with bronze objects is the Deering-Yuryakh burial ground, whose age is determined by a single date obtained from bone - 3,840 ± 50 BP (GIN-4794) [Fedoseeva, 1988, p. 86; 1992, p.102]. Its calibration for ±2σ indicates 2470-2140 BC. If the date is reliable, then the spread of bronze in Central Yakutia began very early - at the end of the III millennium. At the same time, on the territory of Yakutia, this is still the only evidence of the presence of such an ancient metal in the Ymyyakhtakh complexes, which is now not clearly explained. It is possible that the presence of bronze in the burial inventory of the burial ground is the result of commodity exchange processes in ancient times. They are recorded, for example, by the presence in the materials of Neolithic monuments of Yakutia of light-colored jade originating from the Vitim basin (Alekseev et al., 2006). Naturally, metal was highly valued at that time, and this was the reason for the looting of the burial ground in ancient times.

The most recent radiocarbon date for the Ymyyakhtakh culture was considered to be the date of parking on the lake. Chirovom (Eastern Chukotka) - 2,800 ± ± 100 BP (GIN-00) [Dikov, 1977, p. 121; Fedoseeva, 1980, p. 212], calibrated - 1260-790 BC. However, there are radiocarbon dates for the Denisk-Yuryuete and Belaya Gora sites on the lower Indigirka River representing the Ymyyakhtakh cultural tradition - 1,749 ± 164 bp (IM-1184) and 1,705 ± 169 BP (IM-1185), respectively [Everstov, 1999a, p. 53; 1999b, p. 56]- the calibration of which indicates that these sites existed in the first half of the century. I millennium AD, when the main part of Yakutia already had complexes of the Early Iron Age. Recent dates raise the question of the existence in the first millennium BC-the first half of the first millennium AD in the Yakut Arctic of a special culture of the Ymyyakhtakh tradition, which existed in Yakutia along with the cultures of the Bronze and Early Iron Ages. So far, only a few Ymyyakhtakh monuments in the north of Yakutia have been radiocarbon dated, and it is possible that some of the Ymyyakhtakh complexes of the Arctic Region known to date belong to the same time. Such a late "experience" or "lag" of the Late Neolithic, and in particular the Ymyyakhtakh culture, is noted by researchers for the territory of Chukotka (Dikov, 1993, p. 152; Slobodin, 2001, p. 173).

Previously, it was believed that the Ymyyakhtakh culture in Yakutia was almost universally replaced by the Ust-Milskaya culture of the Bronze Age. The earliest date for this culture to date is 3,100 ± 45 BP (SOAN-5117), obtained for the burial of Caves (Figs. 1, 15) found in the vicinity of Yakutsk (Diakonov and Ivanova, 2003, 2006). Its calibrated interval for ±2σ is 1500-1260 BC. For the pure Ust-Milsky complex, the most recent date is the upper layer of layer III of the Sumnagin I site - 2,000 ± 40 BP (LE-872) [Mochanov and Fedoseeva, 1975, p. 44; Mochanov, 1977, p. 196; Ertyukov, 1990, p. 30]. Its calibration for ±2σ indicates the interval of BC-90 AD. Judging by this, the Ust-Mil culture existed in Yakutia until the turn of the eons, and then, apparently, transformed into the early Iron culture.

The ceramic complex of the Ust-Milsk culture, which is based on rivet rollers, previously included ceramics decorated with "pearls", indentations and stamps as a separate type. The author of the classification, V. I. Ertyukov, nevertheless stipulated that "ceramics with "pearls" have not yet been recorded in pure layers of the Bronze Age, and therefore its assignment to the Ust-Milskaya culture is still conditional " [1980, p. 94]. Such ceramics were found at the sites of Aldan (Ust-Chuga II (layer II), Sumnagin II, Ugino I), Amga (Tangkha I), Middle Lena (Khongsuor (Buotoma), Nemyugyuntsy) and Vilyuya (Ulakhan-Edyek I and II, Ust-Chirkuo I, Syangda (Tyung) and Khotu-Tuulaakh) [Fedoseeva, 1968, p. 54, 110, Fig. 14, 6; Kozlov, 1980, p. 57, Table II, 16; Mochanov et al., 1983, tab.. 103, 8; 262, 20; 1991, tables 1, 9; 7, 5; 25, 3, 12, 15; 29, 1, 3; 84, 2; 92, 6; Ertyukov, 1980, p. 92, Table II, 28, 29; 1990, p. 39-10, 57, 70, Table. 14, 2, 3, 6, 8; 17, 1]*. During excavations at the Ulakhan Segelenni site (Tokko River, Olekma basin), a complex with wafer ceramics decorated with "pearls", indentations and stamps was first clearly identified in cultural layer VII. Although these ceramics bear the features of the Ymyakhtakh tradition (waffle decoration, layered dough, an admixture of wool and grass), they differ significantly from both the "classical" Ymyakhtakh and Ust-Milsky proper. Its presence in this region indicates the influence of the Baikal and Yenisei cultures of the Bronze Age. Two radiocarbon dates were obtained for the layer: 3,570 ± 140 BP (IM-1011) and 3,120 ± 120 BP (IM-1009) (Alekseev, 1996a, p. 69). They show the time of the initial transformation of the Ymyyakhtakh culture under the influence of migrants from the south-west. This process most likely occurred in the first half of the second millennium BC: the calibrated interval of the first date (±2σ) is 2600-1750 BC, the second - 1700-1000 BC.

The existence of the settlement of Aldakai I in the Aldan basin dates back to the middle of the second millennium BC (Figs.,

* See also: Vorob'ev S. A. Report on archaeological excavations ... pp. 21-29, tab.. 28, 7, 11; 29, 1; 30, 3, 6.

Its materials also reflect the complex process of mixing the late Ymyyakhtakhs with alien tribes (Vorob'ev, 2003, p. 46). A radiocarbon date of 3,185 ± 65 BP (SOAN-4730) was obtained from coal from the floor of dwelling 1 of this settlement. Its calibration for ±2σ indicates 1620-1310 BC. e. The same time dates to cultural layer II of the Ust-Chuga II site, containing wafer ceramics decorated with "pearls", stamps and indentations*. Based on the coal from the hearth, a date of 3,145 ± 75 BP (SOAN-6687) was obtained for it, the calibrated interval of which for ±2σ is 1610-1210 BC.

Thus, the radiocarbon chronology of the Ymyyakhtakh localities in the north-east of the Asian part of Russia quite clearly shows that this culture appeared in Southern Yakutia at the turn of the IV-III millennium BC, and by the middle of the III millennium BC it spread to a significant part of Yakutia, including a number of polar regions. For more than half a thousand years, the early Ymyyakhtakh people co-existed with the late Belkachin people and created a culture that by approximately the 17th century BC covered a vast territory in Northeast Asia. In the first half of the second millennium BC, especially in the second part of it, the carriers of cultural traditions of the Amur region, Transbaikalia and the Baikal region began to penetrate Yakutia. As a result of population migrations from the south-west and the mixing of alien tribes with ymyyakhtakhs, a culture was formed, a vivid indicator of which is ceramics decorated with" pearls", stamps and indentations. The chronology of the existence of this culture is not yet fully clear, but we suggest calling it Ulakhan-Segelennyakh. From the end of the second millennium BC, migration of the bearers of the roller pottery tradition began from the Amur region, and by the middle of the first millennium BC, the bearers of the roller pottery tradition began to migrate from the Amur region. The Ust-Mil culture spread up to the Arctic Circle, and in some places even further north. Both cultures (Ulakhan-Segelennyakh and Ust-Milsky) were strongly influenced by Ymyyakhtakh. The most recent northern Ymyyakhtakh monuments of the" classical type " date back to the turn of the II-I millennium BC, but in the I millennium BC-the first half of the I millennium AD, a special culture of the Ymyyakhtakh tradition was formed in the Yakut Arctic Region, which existed in Yakutia along with other cultures of the Bronze and early Iron Ages. We propose to call it Sughunnakhskaya, after the reference Lower Indigirskaya site of that time.

In recent years, St. Petersburg has published works on the Holocene Stone Age of Northeast Asia and the radiocarbon chronology of the Neolithic of Northern Eurasia [Pitulko, 2003b; Timofeev et al., 2004]. They provide lists of radiocarbon dates of archaeological sites in Yakutia, as well as their interpretation, including calibrated age values. The appearance of such publications indicates the relevance of this area of research. Nevertheless, the analysis of the above-mentioned works revealed some inconsistencies and inaccuracies made by the authors. This is especially true for the monograph "Radiocarbon Chronology of the Neolithic of Northern Eurasia" (Timofeev et al., 2004). So, for example, it is not clear why the dates of Sumnagin complexes are included in the list of radiocarbon dates for the Neolithic of Siberia and the Far East and the table of dates of Neolithic reference monuments of Yakutia, although the authors specify that the Sumnagin (in the text the name is given as "Sumnangir") culture "refers to the Mesolithic culture, which we do not consider here" [Ibid., p. 54]. The table shows seven dates for the cultural layers of the Aldan sites that belong to this culture (LE-857, LE-817, LE-678, LE-697, LE-698, LE-894, and LE-910), and three-for the uninvented layers VIII, IX, and XII of the Vilyuisk site of Taland II (LE-1615, LE-1616, and LE-1617) [Tam same, p. 55]. In addition, it includes the date of the Siberdik site, which is not located on the territory of Yakutia, and the date LE-817, which is not included in all published lists of radiocarbon dates of the Belkachi I monument (see, for example, [Mochanov, 1977, p. 103]). The latter, according to the table [Timofeev et al., 2004, p. 130], was obtained for layer 24, although, as is known, no such cultural layer was identified at the site. It also includes the date LE-775, which is actually obtained for the Belkachinsky layer 5. The date of the Syalakhsky layer 6 of this site is 5,270 ± 70 BP (LE-656) is designated as belonging to layer 4 and is significantly "aged" - 5,720 ± 70 BP. The following dates are also inaccurate in the table and list: LE-676 for layer 7 of the Belkachi I site - 5900 ± 70 BP (instead of 5,970 ± 70); LE-873 for layer 12 of the Sumnagin I site-5,400 ± 80 BP (instead of 5,100 ± 80); LE-1624 for layer 3 of the Taland II site - 3,980 ± 80 bp (instead of 3,980 ± 40) [Ibid., pp. 55, 130, 131]. Naturally, the calibration of these dates resulted in incorrect calendar intervals. In addition to the above-mentioned data, there are many inaccuracies or typos in the data on the numbers of cultural layers: the date LE-857 was obtained for layer 40 of the Sumnagin I site, not 39; LE - 859-for the eighth, not the ninth; LE - 876-for layer 12a, not 19a of the same monument; LE -1615 - for the uninterruptible layer 10 of the Taland II site, not 1, LE-1622-layer 2, not 2-3, LE-1624-layer 2, not 3 of the same monument. It should also be noted that the list contains four dates of Ust-Timpton I parking, although the authors in the text use only two - LE-910 and LE-894, which are

* See also: Vorob'ev S. A. Report on archaeological excavations ... p. 30.

Again, they are attributed to the Sumnagin culture [Ibid., pp. 58, 130]. Moreover, it is not clear that " the intervals of values of the calibrated calendar age for these dates lie within the limits of 5 600 - 5 300 calBC, which corresponds to the period of existence of the Syalakh culture (highlighted by us - A. A., V. D.)" [Ibid., p. 58]. It is also indicated that the age of the Ust-Timpton site is determined by two dates, although, as is known, 13 dates have been obtained for its cultural strata (see [Mochanov, 1977, p. 149]).

On the map of Neolithic sites of Siberia and the Far East with radiocarbon dates [Timofeev et al., 2004, p. 120, Fig. VI, 29], the location of some parking lots is incorrectly indicated, although geographical coordinates are given for all objects in the tables. For example, the Kukhtui site (N 72 on the map) is not located on the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk, but at least 500 km to the east - in the mainland; Belkachi I (N 70) is not located on the bank of the Aldan River, but in the Lena - Aldan interfluve. In addition, on the territory of Yakutia there is a designated point N 73, which is listed in the table as the Argobaza-4 parking lot [Ibid., p. 131]. There is no such parking lot in the place indicated on the map. Most likely, this is an annoying typo, because Agrobase-4 is present on the map behind the same N 73 where it should be - in the upper Kolyma basin, on the territory of the Magadan region. There are also typos in the text in the names of parking lots and cultures. Finally, it is not clear why the calibration of date aggregates obtained on multi-layered monuments at different times is carried out, while there is no interest in the calendar time of existence of individual cultures.

In the context of our work, the article by V. V. Pitulko [2003b] undoubtedly deserves attention, although there is no calibration of radiocarbon dates in it. A large list of radiocarbon dates for sites in Yakutia, Taimyr, Chukotka, and Northern Okhotsk is published, along with diagrams of the distribution of dates of archaeological cultures, and a comparison with paleoclimatic curves is made. Based on this, the author comes to the following main conclusions:: 1) the Syalakh, Belkachin and Ymyyakhtakh cultural traditions of the Neolithic of Northeast Asia did not replace each other everywhere within the region, but coexisted for 500 to 1200 years at the level of local variants; 2) the change in cultural traditions occurred mainly as a result of changes in the natural and climatic situation, i.e., the evolution of the Neolithic culture of North-East Asia.East Asia was largely determined by external factors, and not only cultural and migration ones; 3) the Syalakh, Belkachin and Ymyyakhtakh cultural traditions represent a single local line of development of Neolithic culture.

Undoubtedly, the conclusions of V. V. Pitulko deserve attention, and we largely agree with them, especially in the part concerning the coexistence of Neolithic cultures at certain periods of time. However, it is necessary to point out any inaccuracies made in the article. For example, V. V. Pitulko refers to the Syalakh culture the dates of the Priokhotka monuments Khurenzha VIII and Siberdik, the East Chukchi site Koolen III, and the date LE-1017, designated as obtained for the Taimyr site Lake Glubokoe with reference to the monograph of L. P. Khlobystin [1998, p.124]. However, this date is not indicated on this page, but it is mentioned on page 77 and characterizes the Ust-Polovinka monument complex, which belongs to the Baikit culture. Also, with reference to the monograph of L. P. Khlobystin (1998, p. 118), the date 3,660 ± 60 BP (LE-883) is given, designated as Belkachinskaya (Maimeche IV). It is indeed mentioned in the book, but on page 74 and was obtained at the Ulan-Khada monument in the Baikal region. In the same way to the Belkachinsky culture of V. V. Pitulko assigned the dates of the sites of Siberdik, Khurendzha V and Agrobase IV, as well as (apparently erroneously) samples LE-910 and LE-894 mentioned above in the review of the monograph "Radiocarbon Chronology of the Neolithic of Northern Eurasia", dating the Sumnaginsky complexes of the Ust-Timpton I monument (2003b, p.149). In addition, in the text of the article, the youngest Sumnagin date is 5,880 ± 60 BP (LE-794), obtained for layer XVI of the Sumnagin I site, although in the table it is designated as Syalakh [Ibid., pp. 105, 148].

As for the Ymyyakhtakh culture, V. V. Pitulko attributed to it the dates of monuments of the Northern Priokhotye, Chukotka and Taimyr - Nil-Ustye, Bytyk, Terkemkyn I, Tytyl IV, Getlyanen III, Rauchuvagytgyn I, Marich V, Bolshoy Nuteneut II, Srednoye Lake, Utaatap and Kurupka II (see Fig. In our opinion, these objects do not represent "pure" Ymyyakhtakh complexes. For example, at the Bytyk site with dates of 3,980 ± 60 and 4,800 ± 400 AD, ceramics do not contain organic impurities in the test, and all arrowheads have a leaf-like shape, which is not typical for Ymyyakhtakh inventory [Pitulko, 2003a, pp. 48, 49, Fig. 4, 3, 4, 6]. The same can be said about other early "ymyyakhtakh" monuments mentioned by V. V. Pitulko. For example, M. A. Kiryak, who studied the Tytyl IV site, which was dated 4290 ± 100 BP (MAG-1094), considers it to be an unmixed Late Neolithic complex, but not the Ymyyakhtakh culture, since it contained ceramics that were not typical of the latter [1993, pp. 45-56, Tables 60, 7 - 10]. S. B. Slobodin, describing materials from the Nil-Ustye site with dates from 4,970 ± 70 to 4,150 ± 120 BP, noted the mixed nature of the complex, which includes material remains of the Middle and Late Neolithic and even a later component (2001, p. 58).

Researchers who worked on the other sites mentioned by V. V. Pitulko did not directly refer them to the Ymyyakhtakh culture (Dikov, 1993; Kiryak, 1993, 2005; Slobodin, 2001). The only exception is the site of Rauchuvagytgyn I, which was described by M. A. Kiryak as Late Namyakhtakh in the northern variant [2005, p. 11]. In addition, V. V. Pitulko, for some reason, refers to the Ymyyakhtakh culture a very late date of 2,200 ± 50 BP (LE-830), which was also obtained for the uninvented upper layer of layer II of the Ust-Timpton I site [2003b, p. 147]. Yu. A. Mochanov [1977, p. 154]. It is shown that traces of the Ust-Mil culture of the Bronze Age can be found in this layer. Also in the table, the Ymyyakhtakh culture includes dates obtained for layer III of the Ust-Tokko I site, which contains Late Neolithic and Paleometallic material at different times, and for the Ulakhan-Haergas II site , which is also a mixed Neolithic and Early Metal complex (Cherosov, 1988: 68, 70).

As a result of including the dates of the above-mentioned monuments in the chronology of specific Neolithic cultures of Yakutia, the lower boundaries of the Syalakh, Belkachinsky and Ymyyakhtakh cultures "aged" by 1070, 1710 (!) and 710 years, respectively, and the upper ones "rejuvenated" by 610, 90 and 600 years, as a result of which the time of existence of these cultures increased: Syalakh by 1680 years Belkachinskaya - by 1800, ymyyakhtakhskaya-by 1310 years.

Conclusion

Radiocarbon dates of Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments in Yakutia, when compared with calibration curves, allow us to propose a scheme of calendar chronology of the existence of cultures of the time under consideration. The earliest and most recent calibrated dates of each culture are taken into account, and the average of the extreme values shows the following (Figure 2): Syalakh culture (Early Neolithic) - 4870 ± 170 - 3490 ± 150 BC (duration approx. 1380 years); Belkachinskaya (Middle Neolithic) - 4100 ± 300-2160 ±150 BC (ca. 1940 years); ymyyakhtakh (Late Neolithic) -2900 ± 450 - 1025 ± 235 BC (ca. 1880 years); Ulakhan-Segelennyakh culture of ceramics with "pearls" (Bronze Age) - 2175 ± 425 - 1350 ± ± 350 years BC (approx. 830 (?) ust-Milskaya (Bronze Age) - 1380 ± 120 - 10 ±100 BC (ca. 1370 years); Sughunnakh survival-ymyyakhtakh culture (Bronze Age) - 325 ± 375 AD (?).

We are aware that with the acquisition of new data, using both radiocarbon and dendrochronological methods, the presented scheme can be significantly adjusted, especially taking into account the small number of dates for reference monuments of the Syalakh and Belkachin cultures, as well as Bronze Age cultures. In general, the cultural chronology of the Neolithic and Bronze Age of Yakutia points to the problem of the existence in these epochs of marginal areas known in cultural studies - territories where the features of neighboring cultures are found. Despite the abundance of radiocarbon dates for Ymyyakhtakh monuments, there are still unresolved issues concerning their chronology. In our opinion, this culture was initially Late Neolithic, but then began to transform under the influence of migrants and gave rise to at least three cultures of the Bronze Age of Yakutia: Ulakhan-Segelennyakh, Ust-Milsky and Sugunnakh.

2. Radiocarbon chronology of Neolithic and Bronze Age cultures in Yakutia.

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The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 27.05.08.

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