Libmonster ID: JP-1503

Author(s) of the publication: A. P. Derevyanko, V. E. Medvedev →

Source: Archeology, Ethnography and Anthropology of Eurasia, September , 2008 Pages 14-35 →

Institute of Archeology and Ethnography SB RAS

17 Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia

E-mail: medvedev@archaeology.nsc.ru

Based on the materials of the excavations of the multi-layered settlement of Bun-one of the largest monuments in the south of Primorye of Russia, belonging to the late stage of the Early Iron Age (the last centuries BC - the first centuries AD), and other sources, the problem of cultural genesis, transformation of the Poltsevo and Kronovo archaeological cultures is considered. Cultures (the first - in the Amur region, the second - in the Southern Primorye) developed to a large extent synchronously and independently of each other. As a result of the promotion of the Polish culture carriers far to the south and mixing them with the Kronovtsy, a syncretic cultural community was formed. The paper analyzes the nature of the interaction of various elements of two cultures that formed a single community (dwellings, ceramics, tools, weapons, household items, jewelry, etc.), and traces their connection with the cultures of neighboring territories.

Introduction

Culturally and chronologically, the end of antiquity in the south of the Russian Far East, as in many other territories, corresponds to the late stage of the Early Iron Age, which dates back to the last centuries BC-the first centuries AD. This very important period - the heyday of ironworking on the eve of the formation of early medieval statehood - is associated in the Amur region, including, apparently, the Ussuri basin, with the Poltsevskaya, and in the south of Primorye - with the Kronovskaya archaeological cultures, which at the early stages developed largely synchronously (mainly in the third quarter of the first millennium BC) and independently from each other. The Kron culture was widespread not only in the southern part of Primorye, where a large number of monuments have been studied in the last 50 years [Okladnikov, 1959a, p. 154-158; 19596; Okladnikov and Brodyansky, 1984; Okladnikov and Derevyanko A. P., 1973, p. 255-263; Andreeva, 1977, p. 100-113; Brodyansky, 1974; 1987, p. 174-180; 1995, p. 23-25; 2003, p. 36-45; Vostretsov, 1987; Zhushchikhovskaya, 2004, p. 204-212; Krounovka 1..., p. 7-22], but also in the northeastern territory of modern China, in the areas to the south"west of the lake. Khanka, R. Razdolnoy (Suifeng) [Kucera, 1977, fig. 40, 41; Zhang Taixiang, 1982] (where it is called the Tuanjie culture), and also on the northeastern tip of the Korean Peninsula [To Juho, 1956; Hwang Gi Dok, 1975]. To the south of the Middle Amur, where the most studied reference monuments of the Poltsevo culture are concentrated, mainly in the Sungari basin, Chinese archaeologists have identified the Fenglin and Gongtulin cultures (Tang Yingjie, Li Yan, and Jin Taishun, 1997), which are similar in some elements to the Poltsevo culture. These two cultures probably did not develop and function in isolation from the Polish culture, but they cannot be considered its analogues.

The work was supported by the Program of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences "Adaptation of peoples and cultures to changes in the natural environment, social and technological transformations "(project No. 21.2.2).

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To understand the still insufficiently studied ethno-cultural processes that took place in the south of Primorye and neighboring territories at the late stage of the Early Iron Age and led to the creation of the Bohai and then Jurchen (Jin) states, it is of great importance to determine the mechanism of interaction between the Polish and Crown cultures. A significant part of the carriers of the first of them, for a number of reasons, moved far south from the Amur region in the second half of the first millennium BC and mixed with the populations of the Crown culture. As a result, a syncretic Polish cultural community was formed. The sphere of influence of the Poltsevites was not limited to the Amur region; components of their culture can be traced on monuments of Japan (Yayoi culture) and Korea.

The first material materials of the Poltsevo culture, mainly ceramics, were collected in 1910 by L. Ya. Sternberg at the Kalma camp in the lower reaches of the Amur River (MAE RAS, kol. N 1754) [Okladnikov, 1979, pp. 73-76]. In 1926-1927, while working in the vicinity of Khabarovsk, M. M. Gerasimov discovered ceramics and some other objects of this culture [Vetrov, Shavrina, Shergin, 2007, pp. 28-30]. Numerous monuments with sets of items from various materials of the Poltsevo culture were discovered and studied by A. P. Okladnikov on the Lower Amur River in 1935 [1980, pp. 47-51], and then in the 1950s and early 1960s. Especially important is the Amur Sanatorium, a multi-time and multicultural monument excavated by him near Khabarovsk, with the remains of dwellings and things for various purposes of the culture in question [1963, pp. 258-278, 281-282]. In the 1950s - 1960s, under the leadership of A. P. Okladnikov, monuments with Polish cultural remains were studied in Primorye. The most famous among them is the settlement of Senkina Shapka near the city of Ussuriysk. Okladnikov traced analogies between the objects of the Early Iron Age found here and the complexes of things from the Amur River, while identifying a number of features inherent in the circle of Amur-Primorye monuments of the late stage of the Early Iron Age [1959a, pp. 158-167].

The main research of the Poltsevo culture (excavations in large settlements, the appearance of a significant number of publications, including fundamental monographs) occurred in the 1960s and early 1970s. The discovery in 1962 of the ancient settlement of Polce-1, which gave its name to the culture, and many other settlements on the territory of the Jewish Autonomous Region, allowed researchers to conclude that the tribes of the Polce culture that lived on the territory from the Burei River (a left tributary of the Amur River) to the Tatar Strait, left a huge number of monuments of material and spiritual cultures, mainly settlements with numerous dwellings and well-preserved products [Okladnikov and Derevyanko A. P., 1970; 1973, pp. 269-282]. Thanks to a wide-ranging study of the Polish settlements, it was possible to comprehensively cover not only the production activities, including economic, house-building, crafts, and everyday life, but also the social relations and ethnicity of the creators of the Polish culture, its origin and place in the circle of antiquities of Northeast Asia. According to experts, the Poltsevo Paleoasiatic culture, which existed in the 7th century BC and the beginning of the 4th century AD, was formed on the Amur River on the basis of the earlier Uril culture. It is emphasized that in the III-I centuries BC, the Poltsevtsy penetrated the northern part of Primorye, and in the I-III centuries AD-into the Central and Southern Primorye (here they assimilated part of the local population-the Kronovites), as well as to the Japanese Archipelago and the Korean Peninsula [Derevyanko A. P., 1966; 1969, with. 105 - 108; 1972; 1975; 1976; 2000].

In the last decade and a half or two, other aspects of the Poltsevo culture have also been studied [Derevyanko E. I., 1998, pp. 238-239], a significant number of Poltsevo monuments have been discovered and analyzed, including previously unknown settlements in the Amur region, especially in the Ussuri River valley and its environs. Many of them have been partially excavated (Medvedev, 1989; 1990, pp. 74-76; Kolomiets, 2005; Kolomiets, Afremov, and Krutykh, 2003, pp. 274-278; Kramintsev, 2002). In the second half of the 1980s, a rare burial ground with a group of burials was excavated near the village of Petropavlovsk on the Lower Amur River (Kopytko, 1988). Even earlier (1971), a Poltsevo burial site with iron tools and ornaments was discovered in the village of Condon (Okladnikov, 1983, pp. 28-29). Currently, more than 150 Polish monuments are known in the Amur region (including the Middle and Lower part of the Amur region).

It is characteristic that the further south the Poles migrated, the poorer and less distinctive their culture became. In it, especially in the south of Primorye, new features have appeared: dwellings have become smaller (Amur dwellings were large), they have original heating systems - kang. In the ceramics of the Primorye Poltsevtsy, individual types of vessels that are not typical of Primorye have become somewhat widespread. Many researchers consider all these manifestations to be imitation and borrowing, due to direct contacts between carriers of the Poltsev and Kron cultures [Brodyansky, 1987, p. 180-193; 2003, p. 45-50; Derevyanko A. P., 2000, p. 11; Okladnikov and Derevyanko A. P., 1973, p.269-282]. There are other points of view on the situation that has developed in the Southern and in a certain part of the South-Eastern and Central Primorye after the arrival of native Polish speakers there-

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of Russian culture. For example, the Blue Rocks settlements. Small. Podushechka, the ancient settlements of Rudanovskoye, Novogordeyevskoye, etc., which contain materials characteristic of the Poltsevo culture, as well as material remains of other cultures (mainly Krounovskaya, partly Mokhes), are proposed to be attributed to the Olga culture [Andreeva, 1977, pp. 30-34; 1986, pp. 32-35; 2002a, pp. 69-74; 20026, pp. 16-17, 20; Klyuev, 2002, pp. 30-40]. The opinion is also expressed that it is necessary to divide all the Amur-Primorye monuments of the Poltsevo appearance into local groups that belonged to a single Poltsevo cultural community. At the same time, the monuments of the Central and South-Eastern Primorye (Glazovka-ancient settlement, Blue Rocks settlement, and some others) are associated with an earlier time (lower date of the IV-III centuries BC). Blue Rocks, endowed with local features, are recognized as Olginsky. Archaeological sites of Southern Primorye (Rudanovskoye, Novogordeevskoye, Malo. Podushechka, Senka's Hat, Bun, etc.) are included in the second Primorye group of monuments of the Polish cultural community (Kolomiets, 2001: 14-17; 2005: 383-386).

To date, many topics of the Early Iron Age archaeology of the region under consideration have been successfully studied, including the interaction of the Kronovo and Poltsevo cultures. At the same time, there are still a lot of controversial and insufficiently disclosed problems, especially concerning the origin, definition of area boundaries, chronology, as well as the duration and nature of mutual influence of cultures.

Of great importance for solving these problems are the results of the recently completed multi-year excavations of the Bun settlement , one of the major monuments of the analyzed cultural and historical period in Southern Primorye. The monument differs from other objects in the abundance of materials, especially well-preserved dwellings. The special value of this settlement is given by the presence on it of both" purely " Kronovo and Poltsevo-Kronovo dwellings, which were architecturally formed in the process of tribal contacts or symbiosis of two cultures.

Bun Hill Settlement: general information, basic excavation data

Bul'ochka Hill is located 7 km north-west of the village of Vladimiro-Alexandrovsky Partizansky district of Primorsky Krai, near the delta of the Partizanskaya River, which flows into Nakhodka Bay (Fig. 1). The hill is a far-receding cape ostanets with steep rocky slopes composed mainly of bedrock sandstone. In the south-east, the lower section of the hill connects through a gentle narrow saddle with a ridge of higher elevations on the left side of the valley. Elevated part of the hill (up to the saddle) it stretches mainly along the north-west-south-east line for almost 160 m. Its width is at the highest (up to 20-25 m above the plain) north-western segment

Fig. 1. View of Bun hill from the north-east (in the center).

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it does not exceed 50-60 m, and in the south-eastern direction it reaches 80-85 m. Further down the slope before the saddle, it narrows again, here its width is 70 m. Bun Hill (excluding the saddle) is surrounded by a low meadow plain. In the south and southwest of Bun, after the sea retreated, a shallow salty lake remained. Lebyazhye, which is connected by a narrow channel to Nakhodka Bay. Streams and small rivers flow into the lowlands and the lake from the depressions; the largest of them is the Manankina River. In the dry season in the vicinity of Buns, water is stored only in this river.

A. P. Okladnikov discovered various settlements on the Bun Hill in 1966, and in 1970 the first excavations were carried out here under his leadership by an expedition of the Institute of Scientific Research of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. It was found that on the south-eastern gentle slope of the hill there are a number of concentric terraces. Two of them are directed to the saddle with the top of the arc, and the ends rest against the steep slopes of the hill. Five or six more terraces are visible on the north-eastern section. Surveys have shown that the slope of the hill was terraced during the construction of ancient dwellings. It was assumed that the area of the artificially terraced territory of the monument, which was inhabited in ancient times, is at least 2 thousand m2. During the work on excavation I with an area of 100 m2, various material materials were obtained, includingch. whole vessels of the Poltsevo type. The multilayered nature of the monument was established and, taking into account the mixing of layers, the sequence of identified ancient cultures was preliminarily determined. In some places of the excavation, objects of the Zaisan Neolithic culture lay on the rock base in the lower layer, above it - the Kron culture, and above it - the Polcev culture. Neolithic materials were also found in other cultural horizons; the settlement was excavated by people from different cultural and historical periods. Limestone slabs - scattered remnants of the Kana-type heating system-are recorded in the dwelling of the Poltsevo culture. Three radiocarbon dates have been obtained from the coal collected here, which allow us to attribute the dwelling to the first century BC-IV-V centuries AD.Ceramics of the Yankovo culture of the Early Iron Age, which preceded the Kronovo one, were also found in the excavation. The results of excavations on a part of the monument have previously confirmed the assumptions made earlier that the Poltsevo culture was spread in the south of Primorye at a relatively late time (I-IV centuries AD) and its carriers came to Primorye from the Amur after the population that created the Kron culture. In the first publication devoted to some of the results of excavations on Bun in 1970, it was noted that the hill, which has largely steep and steep edges, is essentially a natural "fortress"; to make it impregnable, it was enough to erect a defensive structure on the gentle side [Okladnikov, Glinsky, Medvedev, 1972, p. 66, 68, 71].

In 2003-2005, the excavations of Bun II - IV were studied by joint expeditions of the Institute of Electric Power Engineering of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the State Research Institute of Cultural Heritage of the Republic of Korea. In 2003, a topographical survey was carried out on the monument, its detailed plan was drawn up (Fig. 2). On the hill, approx. 10 artificial depressions or pits. Three small depressions are placed at the north-western steep edge of the Bun. Near the southwestern edge of the hill, two well - marked almost non-blackened pits with an area of 5-7 m 2 are recorded; these are probably traces of relatively recent pits. Several small pits made in the recent past are marked at the edges of the terraces along the northern slope of the hill.

Excavation II with an area of 276 m2 is located to the north-east of Excavation I (Fig. 3). Both are connected by a well-marked second terrace on the surface of the monument. There are no obvious pit marks on the site of ancient dwellings within this and other terraces. Barely noticeable depressions, vaguely resembling depressions, are noted only in some places on areas with a horizontal surface of terraces.

The stratigraphy of excavation II, as well as other excavations at the Bun settlement, marked by several periods of settlement, is relatively simple. This is mainly due to the small thickness of cultural deposits, the compactness of the monument, as well as the active mixing of the cultural layer during the construction of many Polish dwellings and, possibly, terraces (or during expansion) at the last stage of the settlement's functioning. Therefore, earlier objects, primarily Neolithic, as well as Paleometallic epochs, are often found in the upper turf cover of the excavation. As a result of erosion, the abandoned dwellings of the Polish community were gradually filled in and leveled with mixed soil. In general, there are three main factions outside of dwellings: 1) turf; 2) dark humus-scoured sandy loam, sometimes with a high content of detrital material (including lenses and interlayers); 3) monolithic or strongly destroyed loose rock mass of the hill.

The material obtained during the excavations was divided into four groups: a) from the sod layer; b) from the upper layer of housing filling (mainly from layer 2 - dark humus-scalloped sandy loam). Cytologically, the upper layer of filling of housing pits or terraced depressions (layer 2) practically did not differ from the upper and lower layers, so the boundaries of the upper filling were fixed to a certain extent conditionally; c) from the layer directly overlapping the floor in the dwellings (finds on the floor); d) from the layer outside the housing corners-

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Fig. 2. Topographic plan of Bun hill.

3. Excavation II on the Bun hill. View from the northeast.

recesses (inter - core space) - in lithological terms, this is mainly layer 2.

Starting from the turf, numerous fragments of pottery, tools and stone ornaments were found in the thickness of the cultural layer at this excavation site and at other excavated sites of the settlement. A significant part of the retouched arrowheads, liners, scrapers, polished adzes and other stone products and fragments of pottery were left by the first inhabitants of the settlement of the Middle and Late Neolithic period (respectively, the Boysman and Zaisanov cultures), as well as carriers of the Lidovskaya and Yankovskaya cultures (the Paleometallic era). To the Yankovo culture of the Early Iron Age

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it is possible to include a group of stone polished reaping knives with a hole in the blade. A small number of ceramics and metal objects from the early Middle Ages (Bohai-Jurchen period) are also recorded. In excavation II, six dwellings were examined: one of the Kronovo culture (1) and five of the Poltsevo cultural community (2-6).

In 2004, in excavation III (208 m2 area), the remains of eight dwellings were uncovered, of which three (9, 10, 13) belong to the Zaisan culture, two (8, 14) belong to the Kroun culture, and three (7, 11, 12) belong to the Polish cultural community. For dwellings in the rock monolith, pits or terraced platforms were cut down like ditches.

Neolithic, probably seasonal, dwellings had shallow underground foundations in the form of sub-rectangular platforms-eaves with an area of 2.2-8.6 m2. Traces of hearths were found in two dwellings. As part of the stone inventory of dwellings - hoes, axes, sharpeners, knives, chippers, arrowheads. Ceramics are divided into two groups: parts of vessels such as cans and capsules, decorated with drawn grooves or impressions of a notched spatula; fragments of pot-shaped utensils with riveted rollers and carved grooves. Neolithic dwellings, other than those described, are not recorded on the Bun. Their small number is probably explained by the fact that a certain number of dwellings built in the late Neolithic era were destroyed during the construction of similar structures by the Kronovtsy and especially the Poltsevtsy. During the periods of existence of their cultures, the density of buildings on Bun was maximum; Poltsevtsy even reused housing ditches or depressions of an earlier time. The excavation recorded artifacts, apparently, temporary sites of the Boisman culture, but signs of its housing complexes in the settlement were not revealed. Cultural remnants of the Yankovo-Lidovo and medieval times are also noted.

In 2004, a search trench measuring 10.5 x 1 m was laid on the top of the hill to the northwest of excavations II and III. It was found that the named place was not inhabited by people.

Within excavation IV with an area of 216 m2, seven dwellings were fully or almost completely examined in 2005, and two partially. Among them are the dwellings of the Kron culture (156 and 196) and the Polish cultural community (15a, 16-19a, 20, 21). It was found that the first artificial terraces on the Bun were created in the late Neolithic (approximately in the middle of the II millennium BC) by carriers of the Zaisanov culture. In the excavation near the dwellings, four complexes were found in the form of clusters of various things and elements of small structures made of limestone slabs. Among them is a very rare complex II on a terraced platform embedded in the slope of the hill. The cultural remains preserved in it (ceramics, stone products, jewelry, including a drilled pendant made of boar's tusk, half-decayed bones and skulls of animals) belonging to the Zaisan and Kron cultures, the Poltsevo cultural community, lay undisturbed in three different layers of soil. The complex was created by the Zaisanovites, probably as a dwelling or in the form of a dwelling, part of which was intended for a sanctuary; later, the structure was used as a sanctuary by the Kronovites and representatives of the Polish community.

So, during the work (including 1970), 810.5 m2 of the monument's area was uncovered on the Bun. 24 dwellings were studied, including three Zaisanovo and five Kronovo cultures and 16 (three of them partially) Polish cultural communities. Important stratigraphic and planigraphic observations have been made; among the most fundamental are data on the relative and absolute chronological relationship of these two cultural divisions. A large amount of material, faunal and paleobotanical material has been collected, which was found not only in housing complexes, but also nearby and between them. During excavations in 2003-2005, approximately 41.5 thousand finds were found: almost 40 thousand ceramic vessels and their fragments, 65 other clay products, 1,365 stone artifacts, 11 things made of wood and 10 objects made of iron. Several radiocarbon dates have been obtained from numerous charcoal samples, usually from the floor of dwellings of the Kron culture and the Poltsevo cultural community in the Laboratory of Geology and Paleoclimatology of the Cenozoic Institute of Geology of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, as well as in the laboratory of Seoul National University (see table).

All the materials of the Russian-Korean expedition on the Bun Hill are fully published in three three-volume monographs in Russian and Korean, as well as in articles [Derevyanko A. P. et al., 2003; Derevyanko A. P., Kim Bong-gon, Medvedev, Shin Chang-soo, Yoo Eun-sik et al., 2004; Derevyanko A. P., Kim Bong-gon, Medvedev, Shin Chang-soo et al., 2004; Derevyanko A. P., Kim Bong-gon, Medvedev, Shin Chang-soo, Hong Hyun-woo et al., 2005; Derevyanko A. P., Kim Bong-gon, Medvedev, Kim Yong-min et al., 2005, 2006; Medvedev, 2004, 2005, 2007].

Dwellings on the Bun hill and their inventory

The above points allow us to consider the monument under study as a multi-temporal and multicultural settlement site, where people have settled at least six to seven times since the Middle Neolithic period and

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Radiocarbon dates for the settlement of Bun, established by coal

An object

Lab Index

Date, l. n.

Calibrated date

Culture

Dwelling in the excavation 1970

SOAN-310

1 570 ± 55

350-606 AD.

Polish community

The same thing

SOAN-311

1 820 ± 30

120-250 AD

The same thing

SOAN-312

2 005 ± 40

104 BC-70 AD

Dwelling 1, floor

SOAN-5265

2 490 ± 40

Kronovskaya Street

The same thing

SOAN-5268

2 010 ±35

The same thing

SNU 03 - 549

2 050 ± 50

60 BC

Dwelling 2, floor

SNU 03 - 550

2 070 ± 40

80 BC

Polish community

"filling in the form

SNU 03 - 551

1 850 ± 40

180 AD

The same thing

Dwelling 3, floor

SOAN-5266

1 800 ± 70

Dwelling 5 "

SOAN-5267

1 970 ± 90

Dwelling 7 "

SOAN-5668

1 460 ± 40

The same thing

SNU 04 - 605

2 170 ±60

320 or 210 BC.

Dwelling 7, filling in

SNU 04 - 606

2 040 ± 60

50 BC

Plot between houses 7 and 9

SNU 04 - 608

2 260 ± 40

370 or 270 BC.

Fire pit on the terrace

SOAN-5269

3 240 ± 50

Zaisanovskaya Street

Dwelling 8, floor

SNU 04 - 607

2 280 ± 40

380 or 260 BC.

Kronovskaya Street

Dwelling 11 "

SNU 04 - 609

1 680 ± 50

270 or 380 AD.

Polish community

The same thing

SOAN-5669

2 120 ±45

The same thing

SOAN-5670

2 200 ± 90

Dwelling 156, floor

SOAN-6132

2100 ± 170

Kronovskaya Street

The same thing

SOAN-6133

2 070 ± 60

The same thing

SOAN-6134

2125 ± 170

SOAN-6221

1 690 ± 75

210-540 AD.

Kronovskaya Street (?)

SOAN-6222

2 110 ± 60

360 BC - 20 AD

Kronovskaya Street

SOAN-6223

2 410 ± 90

790-260 BC

The same thing

Dwelling 15a, floor

SOAN-6224

1 710 ± 40

240-410 AD.

Polish community

The same thing

SOAN-6225

2 150 ± 60

370-50 BC

The same thing

SOAN-6226

2 150 ± 80

390-1 BC

Dwelling 16, floor

SOAN-6135

1 530 ± 50

Dwelling 18 "

SOAN-6136

2 080 ± 80

Housing 21

SOAN-6227

2 460 ± 55

760-410 BC

Polish community (?)

before the early Middle Ages. Consequently, there were not one, but at least three settlements on the Bun at different times. If a monument of this type is perceived as an association of several dwellings, then the dwellings of the Kron culture, and especially of the Polish cultural community, which are many times superior to all the material remains of other cultures registered on the site, should undoubtedly be considered elements of independent settlements.

Dwellings of the Crown culture. Of the five Crone culture dwellings studied on the site, four (8,14,156 and 196) were located quite compactly in close proximity to each other. They form a kind of chain, elongated along the line north-north-east-south-south-west, and occupy mainly the fourth and fifth terraces from above. It is interesting that most of the pits of three of them were later used (dwellings 14 and 156 were partially filled in with soil, and the floor was cut into dwelling 196) during the construction of housing structures by representatives of the Polish cultural community. Krounovskoe dwelling 1 was located above Poltsevsky on the hill on the first terrace (see Fig. 2).For all dwellings, rectangular or sub-rectangular pits (or platforms-ditches) were cut in the sandstone. The dwellings were frame-and-post structures

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semi-underground type with an entrance from the east or south-east side of the mountain. Inside, along the walls and in the corners, pits are marked for pillars that served as supports for the roof, as well as for strengthening wall structures. The area of the first four buildings is from 10.2 to 19.2 - 33 m2, the fifth (dwelling 1) - 5.4 m2. In some of the dwellings, the floor was covered with a thin layer of sandy loam, which was probably covered with a liquid clay mortar during construction.

In three dwellings covered with Poltsevo structures, there were heating structures - single-channel water pipes. In dwellings 156 and 196, they are U-shaped: sections (knees) on the left, right and opposite the entrance. The outer walls of the chimney channels are sandstone walls of ditches (platforms) of dwellings, and the inner walls were made of clay. Similar design of canals in the Kany river is also noted on some other monuments of the Kron culture in Primorye (Vostretsov and Zhushchikhovskaya, 1990, p. 76). In dwelling 156, the remains of hearths-furnaces were found in the end parts of the caen (Fig. 4, C). In some places, sandstone and limestone slabs have been preserved on the chimney channels. On the floor of the specified dwelling, a lot of burnt wood and other organic materials were found, including the remains of a burnt mat or other similar wicker product. Another type of kana is noted in dwelling 14. It was largely destroyed by the housing of 11 Poles-

4. Plans and profiles of dwellings of the Crown culture. A-dwelling 1: 1-ceramics; 2-spinning wheel; 3-chipper; 4-whetstone; 5-chisel; 6-poppy seeds; 7-coals, brands. B-dwelling 8: 1-ceramics; 2-tool; 3-spinning wheel; 4-suspension; 5-coals, brands. B-dwelling 15b: 1-ceramics; 2-coals, firebrands.

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5. Hearth box in dwelling 1.

As a result, it is not fully preserved - in the form of a calcined clay massif with inclusions of fragments of granitoid, sandstone and limestone slabs. Most of Kan was located near the eastern foothill wall of the housing pit. Near the southern tip of the clay caen, there may have been its hearth-furnace, the domed vault of which is up to 0.8 m in diameter, most likely, was reinforced with clay, stones and wood. Places of construction of exhaust pipes of canoe systems are traced with difficulty and are determined presumably.

In dwelling 1, along the north-western mountain wall opposite the entrance, there was a box-hearth in the form of a sub-rectangular, composed of large slabs of sandstone and limestone placed on an edge and covered from above with a powerful slab. The firebox was located on the southwest side of the box, the chimney-on the northeast. There, hot ash was being raked out directly on the floor - a thick ash-calcined layer had accumulated near the north-eastern wall of the dwelling. On the floor near the box-hearth, charred poles are fixed - the remains of some cross-shaped wooden structure (possibly a collapsed roof), oriented with the outer ends to the countries of the world. Fragments of burnt wood were also found in other places of the dwelling, including at its entrance (Fig. 4, A; 5).

As for dwelling 8, there was no cauldron or hearth box. In its northern part, only a sub-rectangular hearth spot is recorded, and near the western wall of the pit - a sub-rectangular wooden structure up to 1.9 m long, represented by a cluster of charred thin planks and perches, similar to a dense lattice or wicker fascine, which probably served as a covering of the dwelling wall (see Fig. 4, B). In the western, upland, walls of dwellings 8 and 14 there are niches - a kind of shelf.

Various items were found on the floor of dwellings, ditches and among its slabs. The most representative collection consists of ceramics. Crown pottery in excavations II-IV is represented by 14 vessels, nine upper, 13 lower parts and many other fragments of them. Ceramics are dense, with an admixture of wood, almost all smooth-walled. (In Korea, Early Iron Age ceramics comparable to Crown's are called hard, unornamented.) Samples decorated with adhesive rollers and drawn grooves are rare. Vessels predominate: 1) truncated-conical (vaz-shaped) with a corolla bent, as a rule, inward, their height often exceeds the diameter of the body, on which there are very often handles-stumps (Fig. 6, 1 - 5; 7, 1, 2, 7); 2) bowls on a conical pallet of various heights (see Figure 6,

6. Ceramics of the Crown culture.

1, 6, 15 - dwelling 14; 2, 10, 14-dwelling 15b; 3, 5-dwelling 1; 4, 13-dwelling 8; 1, 8, 9-dwelling 18; 11, 16-inter-dwelling space; 12-dwelling 21.

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7. Ceramics of the Crown culture. 1, 3-dwelling 14; 2-dwelling 1,4, 5-dwelling 18; 6, 7-dwelling 15b.

6, 7, 9; 7, 3, 4); 3) bowls with a rounded body and a straight or slightly curved corolla (see fig. 6, 10, 14; 7, 6); 4) bowls-bowls (see figs. 6, 12). Rarely found: 5) bowls (korchagi) with a corolla sharply bent outwards; the diameter of their rounded body exceeds the height (see Fig. 6, 13); 6) saddle-shaped (see figs. 6, 11); 7) vase-shaped with a high and very high neck and a narrowed mouth (see Fig. 6, 15, 16); 8) in the form of a tray with a handle (see fig. 6, 8; 7, 5). The surface of the vessels was polished, smoothed, and sometimes treated with smoke. The products were formed manually by ring molding. The bottoms of some fragmented vessels are deliberately punctured. Among the rare forms, there is a lower part of the vessel with a drilled hole rather than a broken one. There are several samples of ceramics with tamga-shaped signs in the form of straight and angled notches to each other.

Among other clay products, numerous spinning rods of various types are distinguished; the leading ones are flattened-disc-shaped and truncated-conical (Fig. 8, 1 - 3, 5). The inhabitants of the Kronovsky settlement also made mushroom-shaped, spherical, cross-shaped, bell-shaped spinning rods (Figs. 8, 4, 6 - 8) and others forms.

Finds from the dwellings indicate that the Kronovtsy were quite widely used for missile defense.-

Fig. 8. Finds from the dwellings of the Crown culture.

1-8-spinning wheel; 9-chisel; 10-12-arrowheads; 13-16-beads; 17-plate. 1-8 clay; 9-iron; 10-15,17-stone; 16-wood.

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9. Stone tools of the Crown culture. 1-axe; 2 - 4-adze; 5-dagger handle; 6-hoe; 7, 8-spearheads; 9-knife fragment; 10-whetstone with a grooved image of a snake (?). 1, 3, 10 - inter-dwelling space; 2-dwelling 19b; 4, 5, 7, 8-complex II; 6-dwelling 14; 9-dwelling 8.

sedimentary stone (sandstone, siltstone, shale), volcanic (obsidian, tuff) origin, as well as flint, etc. are used for industrial and military purposes. For woodworking, axes were made, including shoulder axes (Fig. 9, 1), rectangular ones in the plan of an adze (Fig. 9, 2, 4). One broken adze attracts special attention with a small circle stamped on its polished surface, possibly a sign of the master (Fig. 9, 3). From throwing tools, it is possible to make a small circle on the ground surface of the adze. tools are called polished and retouched arrowheads (see Figs. 8, 10-12), beaten and polished javelin tips (see Figs. 9, 7, 8). Large series of whetstones and whetstones are represented (one of them is obviously a snake with an open mouth (see Fig. 9, 10)), earthmoving tools (see figs. 9, 6), ditches, bumpers. Polished semilunar reaping knives or their fragments, the handle of a siltstone dagger are recorded (see Figs. 9, 5, 9). Among the stone tools of the Kronovites on the Bun there are scrapers, punctures, pebble weights for nets, an anvil, a chime and other tools [Derevyanko A. P. et al., 2006, vol. 1, p. 315]. The mysterious ones include a considerable series of shale very thin polished plates, mostly elongated-rectangular in shape, with pointed side edges (see Figs. 8, 17).

Among the decorations, cylindrical beads made of white stone should be called elegantly (see Figs. 8, 13-15). The Crownians who lived on Bun used wood to make beads. In dwelling 196, there are ten intact pieces (Figs. 8, 16), one broken piece, and 21 fragments of cylindrical charred wooden beads.

An entire iron chisel (or adze) is fixed on the floor of dwelling 1. The tool is sub-trapezoidal in plan with an asymmetrically sharpened blade (see Figs. 8, 9). No other metal objects were found in the Crownovo dwellings. On the floor of the same dwelling there was a rare cluster of seeds of the Papaveraceae family (poppies), the genus Papaver somniferum (sleeping poppies) (Burmakina, 2004). A layer of grain with a thickness of up to 7 cm lay compactly, most likely in some burnt container in the form of a wooden box or in a bag. In dwelling No. 156, a large, stripped-out bowl near the western wall next to the cahn was almost completely filled with sea clam shells, some of which still bore traces of fire.

The Crown jewels found on the Bun are in many ways similar to the materials of this culture from previously studied monuments in Southern Primorye, and sometimes identical to them. Their design features are similar to semi-underground structures created on artificial terraces. The similarity is shown in the size, shape, location of the entrance, the presence of hearth boxes and stone canoes in dwellings [Okladnikov and Brodyansky, 1984, p. 101-103; Brodyansky and Dyakov, 1984, p. 8-24; Istoriya..., 1989, p. 113-114]. Prior to the excavations at Bun'ochka in Primorye, more than 40 Crone dwellings were investigated; 12 of them had cauldrons (Brodyansky, 2003: 38-40), and a hearth box was found in each of the nine dwellings of the fully excavated Oleniy A settlement. On Petrov Island, both single-and multi-channel canes were identified in four of the studied dwellings (Okladnikov and Brodyansky, 1979).

Bun ceramics in many respects (the shape of vessels, size, almost complete absence of decoration, features of manufacturing technology, the presence of handles-stumps, tamga-shaped signs and holes in the bottoms, etc.) are close or identical to the Crown ceramics of a number of settlements in Southern Primorye [Andreeva, 1977, p. 104, Figs. 2, 3, 8, 9, 14; Boldin and Ivliev, 2002, Figs. 6, 2, 3; Zhushchikhovskaya, 2004, Fig. 72, 74; Okladnikov and Brodyansky, 1984, pp. 104, 105].

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A significant similarity is also shown by the Kroun shoulder axes, polished reaping knives, rectangular adzes made of stone found on Bun and other objects in Southern Primorye [Andreeva, 1977, p. 106, figs. 5, 10, 11; Zhushchikhovskaya and Kononenko, 1987, p. 5-11; Brodyansky and Dyakov, 1984, p. 36 10], as well as pryaslitsa [Andreeva, 1977, p. 106, figs. 6-8; Brodyansky and Dyakov, 1984, Fig. 11, 1 - 4, 6, 7, 11, 12]. Cylindrical stone beads from the settlement of Krounovka-1 are also similar to those of Bulochkin [Krounovka 1..., 2004, fig. 11, 3]. The only iron product found on the Bun (dwelling 1) - a chisel (adze) - also bears a resemblance to the same object from the settlement of Krounovka, located in the western part of the Kroun cultural area [Brodyansky and Dyakov, 1984, p. 33, fig. 9, 4].

Among the cultural remains recorded in the dwellings of the monument under consideration, there are materials that were not previously found on other objects of the Crown culture, for example, a cluster of poppy seeds of sleeping pills (opium). Along with cattle breeding, fishing and gathering (including marine), the Kronovtsy were engaged in agriculture; there is evidence that they cultivated millet, chumiz, dwarf wheat, and barley. Now we can say that the carriers of the culture in question also knew such a plant with healing properties as a poppy.

The age of the Crone culture dwellings is determined by ten radiocarbon dates obtained from three dwellings (see table). If one of these generally fairly close dates (2490 ± 40 BP (SOAN-5265)) is considered ancient, and the other (1690 ± 75 BP (SOAN-6221)) is considered rejuvenated, then dwellings 1, 8 and 15b can be attributed to the range-beginning of III-first half I century BC, which generally corresponds to the mature, late, period of the Crown culture.

Dwellings of the Polish cultural community

Representatives of the Polish cultural community actually used topographical and architectural planning knowledge in the construction of their homes, which was embodied in earlier buildings on Bun, especially the Kronovtsy. Poltsevtsy, like their predecessors, built buildings on cut-down terraces, economically using the relatively limited eastern slope of the hill that was convenient for life. The distance between dwellings often does not exceed 1 - 2 m. In the central part of the fourth and fifth terraces, where they are wider due to the softened terrain and less accessible to the winds, three dwellings of the Polish community were built, as indicated, on the site of previously existing dwellings of the Kron culture. In the area of excavations at the site of the Poltsevskys, stationary semi-underground structures were not built after them, so the archaeological preservation of the dwellings is good.

Dwellings in the plan are mostly rectangular or sub-rectangular, there are sub-square ones with rounded corners. Their walls are oriented along the lines of north-south and west-east, sometimes with some deviation. The design, like that of the kronovtsy, is frame-and-post. The architectural feature of dwelling 5 draws attention to itself. Outside, at its entrance, a platform (up to 1.3 m wide) is marked, on which six pits are fixed, forming a square. Obviously, there was a kind of vestibule or canopy next to the dwelling, which was supported by pillars [Derevyanko A. P., Kim Bong-gon, Medvedev, Shin Chang-soo, Yoo Eun-sik et al., 2004, vol. 1, fig. 59]. Dwellings are usually small in size-from 8 to 12 m2; three dwellings with an area of 15-20 m2. The depth of the pits (or the height of the upland walls of the ditches) reaches 0.8 m. The entrance to the dwelling is from the podgornaya (eastern) side, less often from the south-eastern side. In terms of internal structure, these dwellings are similar to the Crowns. The floors are stone, roughly chipped, with protruding sharp corners; to level the surface, they were covered with a small layer of fine sand and crushed clay; in places, clay coating was traced. The heating system-kany-in almost every dwelling is represented by a single-channel stone, so-called earthen (clay) and combined (stone-clay), L -, P-or C-shaped structure. When constructing canoes, slabs of white-milky limestone (more often for covering chimneys), as well as sandstone, granitoid and rock walls of dwellings were necessarily used. One or two hearths-furnaces at the beginning of the canoe sections were built in the form of stone boxes.

At L-shaped canoes, stone sections-chimneys were built along two walls of the dwelling. For example, in dwelling 2, sections were located to the right of the entrance and partially at the foothill side (Fig. 10, D; 11), in dwelling 4 - opposite the entrance and to the right of it (Fig. 12), and in dwelling 18 - opposite and to the left of the entrance (Derevyanko A. P. et al., 2006, vol. 1, fig. 38]. Sections of U-shaped canoes were made at three walls of housing pits, usually opposite, to the left and to the right of the entrance (see Figs. 10, B, D; 13; 14). A similar arrangement of sections of flue channels was also found in C-shaped canoes (see Figs. 10, A, B).

On separate sites between the dwellings, significant accumulations of rounded depressions - pits for posts were recorded. In some places, the pits form one or more straight lines. These pits were probably made for pillars-supports of utility pile buildings-sheds or drying pits. Near some of the pillar pits are large pits, which may have been used for storing household supplies.

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10. Plans and profiles of the dwellings of the Poltsevo cultural community (A, C, D), the Kronovo culture, and the Poltsevo cultural community (B, E). A-dwelling 12:1-ceramics; 2-bones; a, b, c-sections of caen. B-dwellings 15a and 15b: 1-ceramics; 2-coals, firebrands; a, b - pit profiles; sections of the hearth-furnace (c) and chimney channel (d). C - dwelling 7: profiles of hearths-furnaces (a-c); kana (d) and pit-platforms (e). D-dwelling 2: 1-ceramics; 2-adze; 3-chipper; 4-gun; 5-bead. D-dwellings 19a and 196: 1-whetstone-stand; 2-whetstone; 3-bead; 4-ceramics; 5-puncture; profiles of hearths-furnaces (d, e) and a pit with profiles of the chimney channel of the kana of the dwelling 19a (a-b).

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11 Dwelling 2 of the Polish cultural community with an L - shaped cauldron.

12. Dwelling 4 of the Polish cultural community with an L - shaped canoe.

13. Dwelling 5 of the Polish cultural community with a U - shaped cauldron along the walls.

14. Dwellings: 15a-the Polish cultural community with a U-shaped caen (in the center on the right); 15b-the Crown culture (in the center on the left, blocked by the dwelling 15a); 17-the Polish cultural community (top left).

The architectural features and internal structure of the Poltsevo dwellings are similar or similar in many respects to the dwellings of other monuments of the Poltsevo community in the south of Primorye. The similarity is shown in the density of buildings, topography, layout, shape, size (small homes), and availability of canoes. However, there are differences. For example, in the settlement of Mal. Podushechka and the ancient settlement of Rudanovskoye have kans (in the latter, single-channel L-shaped, in a single line, and U-shaped in all 13 excavated dwellings), but kans are not recorded in the settlement of Blue Rocks (Andreeva, 1977, p. 147-156; Brodyansky, 2003, p. 46-47). Seaside dwellings differ from those of the Amur region, which usually have a large area (80-100 m2 or more), although there are also small dwellings, as in Primorye, up to 7 - 8 m2 (Amur Sanatorium). In the dwellings of the Poltsevo culture in the Amur region, there are no canes [Derevyanko A. P., 1976, pp. 10-97].

In the dwellings, various remnants of the products of the Polish cultural community's vital activity lay on the floor, on the ditches, among the slabs and under them. They found the jaws, teeth of a horse, bones of a roe deer, a maral, and tusks of a wild boar. However, most of the materials found in and near the dwellings are objects of a wide functional range, made of baked clay, stone, iron, etc.

The most representative category of finds is ceramics. In many dwellings there were not only numerous fragments of vessels, but also whole products, their large fragments. 26 whole vessels, 20 of their upper and 31 of their lower parts were taken into account. Almost all the ceramics that lay at the level of the floor of the dwellings are not directly related to the Kron culture, although some influence of the latter on the technology of making Poltsevo utensils is noted (the composition of the dough, the polishing of the surface of vessels, the transformation of their individual forms).

A rotary wheel was used in the manufacture of individual vessel shapes.

Among the reconstructed vessels, the following types can be distinguished::

1st - with a spherical-spherical body, a narrow neck that abruptly turns into a steep gr-

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15. Ceramics from the dwellings of the Polish cultural community.

1-dwelling 12; 2-complex II; 3-dwelling 21; 4, 5, 7, 9 - dwelling 11; b - dwelling 16; 8-dwelling 2; 10, 12-dwelling 15a; 11-dwelling 17; 13-dwelling 7.

16. Ceramics of the Polish cultural community. 1-dwelling 12; 2-4-dwelling 11; 5-dwelling 15a; 6-dwelling 12a; 7-dwelling 7; 8-dwelling 6.

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17. Ceramics from the dwellings of the Polish cultural community.

1-5-dwelling 12; 6, 7-dwelling 7; 8-10-dwelling 6.

a curved whisk, often shaped like a dish. The height of products is almost always equal to the diameter of the body. Some specimens have a slightly elongated bottom. The diameter of the bottom of this dish is more than 1.5-2 times smaller than the diameter of the corolla (mouth) (Fig. 15, 1 - 4; 16, 1, 2). The main areas of the ornament are the corolla, neck, shoulders, and sometimes the bottom part. The main technical and decorative elements are finger and nail indentations (brackets), horizontally drawn lines, sometimes taped bumps-"pearls" and wavy rollers. There are smooth-walled products with a simplified corolla shape, mostly large in size; the maximum height of products is up to 50 cm. In the Amur region, such vessels are called Poltsevskaya or yayoi type;

2nd - with a rounded body, the diameter of which exceeds the height of the vessel, with a low straight neck and sharply bent outwards corolla. Hangers are often decorated with "pearls", the neck - slotted grooves or bracket-shaped notches, here and in the upper part of the body, sometimes a diamond-shaped false-textile (waffle) decor is embossed with a raised spatula, which could be technical. Product height 18-26 cm (see fig. 15, 5, 6; 16, 3);

3rd - with an egg-shaped body (pot-shaped). The height of the vessels slightly exceeds the diameter of the body. Ornament - waffle impressions, nail indentations (in the form of half-arcs), drawn lines (on the neck), sometimes vertical stripes, rounded indentations. Vessels are small and medium (up to 25 cm high). Found in and near many dwellings (see Fig. 15, 7 - 13; 16, 4, 5; 11, 1, 4);

4th - with an ovate elongated body and a narrowed bottom. The height of the products exceeds the largest diameter of the body, which falls on its lower part. The body is sometimes ornamented with an original waffle pattern (checkerboard pattern). Height up to 33 cm. They are rare in residential areas (see Fig. 16, 7; 17, 6);

5-th - with a truncated-conical body and a sharply bent outwards corolla. Rough modeling, without ornaments. Estimated height up to 18 cm (no intact vessels found) (see Figs. 17, 5);

6th - vazovidnye with a high neck and rounded-ovoid body. Smooth-walled, the shard is dense, a large admixture of gravel. They demonstrate the influence of the Crown pottery traditions (shape, dough composition, surface treatment method). No whole samples were detected. Estimated height approx. 28 cm (see figs. 17, 7).

There are also isolated clay products of the Crown shapes borrowed by the inhabitants of the Polish community's dwellings: a miniature vessel, possibly a toy, in the form of a bowl on a conical pallet (see Figs. 16, b; 17, 2); a broken bowl with a lattice bottom (steamer) (see Figs.. 16, 8; 17, 8). It is noteworthy that there are few Crownware items like these found on the floor of the Polish community's dwellings. Among the rare vessels in some dwellings of this community are a saucer and a bowl (see Figures 17, 9, 10). Two vessels from dwellings 19a and 21 still have remnants of dark red paint.

Ceramics of the Poltsevo culture in the Amur region are characterized by a large typological and morphological diversity. There are at least eight main types, as well as their variants [Ibid., pp. 101-106, Table LXXIII]. Products of some leading types from the houses on the Bun Hill show similarities in shape and ornamentation (vessels with a spherical-spherical body and a corolla in the form of a dish or bell, with a rounded body and pot-shaped bowls-bowls, saucers; decor in the form of wafers, finger indentations, nails, taped "pearls", wavy (dissected) Amur ceramics are typologically more diverse than Primorye ceramics. This is primarily due not so much to the refusal of the Polish people who came to the south of Primorye from their traditional utensils and borrowing the Crown ceramic traditions, but rather to the fact that the Amur fossil ceramics illustrate their full range from beginning to end.

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throughout all the centuries-old stages of culture, and Primorskaya-mainly at its late stage.

Formally and typologically, Pol'tsevo-type ceramics, which are more sparse than in the Amur region, are also represented on other monuments in the south and south-east of Primorye. Nevertheless, vessels from the main typological Poltsevo series, for example, spherical-spherical with a dish-shaped corolla, rounded with a low straight neck and a corolla bent outwards, pot-shaped with egg-shaped mulberry, some types of bowls, as well as a set of technical and decorative elements on them, were found on monuments of these areas [Andreeva, 1970, fig. 29; 31, 5, 6, 8 - 13; 1977, p. 176, fig. 2, 6; p. 177, fig. 5, 7; p. 178, fig. 7, 8, 10, 11, 16, 20; Brodyansky, 1987, fig. 95, 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13; Okladnikov, 1959a, figs. 57, 58 (image above and below)].

Judging by some publications of materials from partially excavated monuments, the monuments of Northern and Central Primorye show poorer representation of Poltsevo ceramics with distinctive features than on the Amur River. However, the Poltsevo ceramics, in particular from the Glazovka-gorodishche monument, although somewhat older than the main group of Poltsevo dwellings on Bun, are mostly similar to similar materials of the monument under consideration [Kolomiets, 2005, p. 383, Table 95, types 1, 2A, 3, 4A, 4B, 6].

A fairly large group of other clay products are represented by spinning wheels. Spindles from the dwellings of the Polish cultural community are mainly made in the form of a flat disk, rectangular in cross-section, with rounded corners. There are single samples with a jagged edge and impression rings on both planes (Fig. 18, 1-4). Two spinning wheels in the form of disks with a one-sided convex cross-section are fixed (housing 19a). The surfaces of one of them are ornamented with radially directed slotted lines and short strokes arranged crosswise and at an angle to each other (Fig. 18, 6). A spherical and mushroom-shaped spinel was found near the biv dwelling 3, respectively (Fig.18, 5, 7). Rectangular cross-section items were found in the dwellings of the Poltsevo community at the Rudanovskoye settlement [98, 22, 24], the settlement of Blue Rocks, where samples with circle impressions, as well as spherical and one-sided convex accessories for spinning are noted along with spinning rods without decoration [Andreeva, 1977, p. 181, Fig. 1, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 17]. In the Amur region, the most common type of spinning rods in the homes of the Poltsevo culture are products of rectangular cross-section, there are also one-sided convex cross-section. The Amur objects, in contrast to most of the South-Primorye ones, are smaller in thickness [Derevyanko A. P., 1976, Tables I, 3, 4, 7, 8; XVI, 10; XXX, 8, 10]. The spherical and mushroom-shaped spindles characteristic of the Crown culture can be considered to have been borrowed from the Crown people and used for their intended purpose.

In the dwellings of the cultural community under consideration, 249 stone products were found. Various types of stone were used, primarily sandstone, siltstone, slate, flint, and obsidian. The technique of not only grinding, but also obbivki, chipping, retouching was used. Most of the tools found were related to fishing (54 pebble sinkers for nets), processing and manufacturing of various objects (51 pieces of worked sharpeners (many heavily worked) and grindstones, eight chippers, five anvils) (Figs. 19, 12, 13). A large group (18 pcs.) is formed by earthmoving (mostly shale) shoulder and sub-rectangular hoes with a rounded rim (Fig. 19, 10, 11).

Woodworking tools - 15 adzes and two axes-ground, rectangular or with a slightly expanded and slightly convex blade. Adzes with asymmetric sharpening, axes with symmetrical sharpening (Fig. 19, 1, 2). Similar tools were found, for example, at the settlement of Blue Rocks (Andreeva, 1977, p.172, Fig. 3, 4, 7). They are very similar to adzes and axes from the dwellings of the Poltsevo culture in the Amur region [Derevyanko A. P., 1976, Tables XXIII, 6, 9, 14; XXXIX, 1; LV, 1, 14; LXV, 7]. Reaping knives (7 pcs.) are sub-rectangular or oval in shape, with a smooth, convex, occasionally slightly concave worked blade, usually with one or two holes for a string or strap (Fig. 19, 3-6). In the materials of the Blue Rocks excavations, there are very similar tools [Andre-

18. Clay spinning rods of the Poltsevo cultural community.

1-3, 5-dwelling 6, 4-dwelling 15a; 6-dwelling 19a; 7-dwelling 3.

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19. Stone tools from the dwellings of the Polish cultural community. 1, 2-adze; 3 - 6-knives; 7-dart tip; 8-spear tip fragment; 9-spearhead; 10, 11-hoes; 12-whetstone; 13-sinker. 1-dwelling 18; 2, 7, 8, 10 - dwelling 7; 3, 4, 13-dwelling 15a; 5, 6-dwelling 6, 9-dwelling 17; 11-dwelling 12; 12-dwelling 11.

20. Items found in and near the homes of the Polish cultural community. 1, 2-knives; 3, 6, 7-arrowheads; 4-dart tip; 5-rod; 8, 9-rings; 10 - 15-beads. 1-dwelling 19a; 2-6-dwelling 17; 7, 15-dwelling 15a; 8-dwelling 7; 9, 13, 14-dwelling 6; 10-12-inter-dwelling space. 1-5 - iron; 6-15-stone.

eva, 1977, p. 172, figs. 1, 6, 8]. Similar items were not found in the Amur monuments.

From hunting equipment and weapons items, the Polish inhabitants of Bun made flint and chalcedony retouched arrowheads (leaf-shaped, triangular, elongated-triangular, etc.), as well as polished slate (Fig. 20, 6, 7), polished and retouched javelin tips (see Fig.19, 7, 9). A broken polished shale spearhead - a copy of a bronze product-was found in dwelling 8 (see Figures 19, 8). Shale polished arrowheads and a fragment of a spear tip are found in the materials of the Glazovka ancient settlement excavations (Kolomiets, 2005, Tables 96, 5-8). In the course of studies of the Poltsevo monuments in the Amur region, a large number of throwing tools were found, primarily retouched and polished tips [Derevyanko A. P., 1976, Table XXVI, 5, 7 - 9, 13, 15; XLI, 7, 11, 12, 29, 36, 43].

A small number of other stone tools were found on the Bun: punctures, scrapers, chisels, plates, chips with signs of retouching, etc. They are also recorded on the Amur monuments.

The predominant part of the jewelry found in the dwellings and outside their borders is made of stone: pale-colored jade rings (see Figures 20, 8, 9), cylindrical (including faceted), cross-section and rectangular beads with two holes are often made of green-stone stone, as well as chalcedony (see Figure 20, 10-15). Similar beads were found in the settlement of Blue Rocks (Andreeva, 1977, p. 174, figs. 1, 2, 10) and Rudanovskoye settlement (Brodyansky, 1987, Fig. 98, 11 - 13, 15 - 21]. Fragments of ceramic rings, as well as magatam pendants, were found on the Bun from other decorations of the Polish appearance, including in dwelling 7. Clay rings, magatams and jade rings on the Poltsevo monuments in the Amur region, especially on the settlement of Poltsevo-1, are represented in almost all dwellings. Most of the above types of seaside beads are also found in the Amur dwellings.

Iron objects (7 pieces) were found only in two dwellings (17 and 19a). These are two knives, one of them with a partially broken off petiole, narrowed to the point of the blade and a straight back, the second is partially broken off, the back of its blade is straight (see Fig. 20, 1, 2). There is an arrowhead, the feather of which is apparently almost broken off, the petiole is square in cross-section, and a vtubated tip a dart with a triangular in plan and a flat in cross-section pen (see figs. 20, 3, 4). You will get-

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three thin quadrilateral cross-section rods (awl?) are revealed. it is 7-11. 1 cm long (see figs. 20, 5). Knives with a straight back and a narrowed point were found on Blue Rocks (Andreeva, 1977, p. 168, figs. Similar knives and awls were found at the Rudanovo settlement, and the triangular arrowheads characteristic of the Polce-1 settlement were also found there (Brodyansky, 1987, Fig. 96, 1, 3 - 5, 11]. A similar knife was found on Glazovka-gorodishche (Kolomiets, 2005, Tables 96, 13). Along with the above-mentioned plate tips, awl points and knives of these types were also found in the settlement of Polce-1 [Okladnikov and Derevyanko A. P., 1970, p. 246, Fig. 6; p. 258, fig. 1, 2; p. 284, fig. 1; p. 298, fig. 9].

Bone products are represented by only one find from dwelling 4: an elongated object with one pointed end made of tubular bone was preserved under the Kahn slab - probably an arrowhead blank.

The chronology of the dwellings of the Poltsevo cultural community on Bul'ochka Hill is quite definitely established both by relative (they are overwhelmingly later than the Kronovo ones they overlapped with) and absolute (radiocarbon dates have been obtained for ten dwellings) data (see table). The age of five dwellings (the dwelling in the 1970 excavation, as well as 2, 3, 5, 16) fits into the first half of the first millennium AD, possibly covering the beginning of the VI century. Three dwellings (7,11, 15a) are dated in the range of III-II centuries BC-III-IV centuries AD.The remaining two dwellings (18 and 21) were found to have the same date: the second century BC and the fifth-sixth centuries BC, respectively.

Thus, the main group of dwellings of the Polish community functioned from the turn of the eons to the VI century AD. Several dwellings, primarily 11 and 15a, could have been built in the III-II centuries BC. It is curious that these two dwellings, as well as dwelling 19a (for which there is no absolute date), overlapped, as mentioned above, earlier Crownovo housing complexes. The date of the dwelling of 18 is quite consistent with the age of the early complexes of the Polish community on Bun. As for the chronological definition of partially excavated dwelling 21, there can be two options: 1) the date is very old, 2) the dwelling belongs to the Crown culture. A combined stone-clay cauldron was found in the dwelling, which was filled with a bowl characteristic of this culture with a smooth flattened surface (see Figs. 6, 12). Only according to the semi-crushed vessel, which combines the features of two cultures (Poltsevo: the spherical shape of the body, the corolla in the form of a bell, and the smooth polished surface in the Crown style (see Figs. 15, 3)), the dwelling is conditionally assigned to the Poltsevo community. However, it is probably more correct not to exclude both versions of the definition, since even for the Crown dwelling such an early age (V-VI centuries BC), based on the accumulated data on the culture both on Bun and in general in the Southern and South-Eastern Primorye, it is difficult to confirm anything.

Conclusions

The results of the research showed that the development of the Bun hill by the Polish people, like many areas of Primorye, did not occur rapidly in the form of short-term or protracted military campaigns, but slowly, in stages. Judging by the already known objects of the Poltsevsky circle, located south of the middle and lower Amur, their creators moved south through the territory adjacent to the Ussuri not only from the east, but also from the west (the extreme north-eastern regions of modern China). During the development of new lands, the Polish people were fixed on them for some time, entering into not always peaceful relations with the local population. To protect what they acquired, they built defensive facilities, as evidenced by the ancient settlements on Ussuri and in its vicinity. The process of settling into a new space could not take place without involving representatives of local ethnic groups. During contacts, both sides are usually enriched with previously unknown elements of culture (everyday life, social organization, types of crafts, technologies, etc.). This fully applies to the representatives of the Polish culture, who, having somewhat modified or lost certain elements of their culture during migration, came to Bun, as well as to the south and south-east of Primorye in general, although with indisputably Polish features and traditions, but still not the same as they were in the past. Amur region. As they moved through Primorye, the Poltsy learned to adapt to local conditions and, presumably, to the way of life of its inhabitants. Therefore, the meeting with the kronovtsy was rather peaceful, not confrontational in nature. This is generally confirmed by the results of the excavation of Buns.

Poltsevtsy adopted the system of building small, sometimes very compact, designed for no more than two people dwellings with canes on artificial terraces of the hill-a kind of natural "fortress". They borrowed some technological techniques for making pottery, learned how to make steamer pots, but at the same time they did not lose the main Polish pottery traditions. Perhaps, to a greater extent, elements of the Polish culture in the south and south-east of Primorye were manifested in the manufacture of stone products (including jewelry), clay spinning wheels, rings, and iron tools. (Small number of-

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deliy from iron on a Bun (similar was noted in the settlements of Poltsevo Yellow Yar, Amur Sanatorium, Kochkovatka, Poltse-2, Takhta in the Amur region) is most likely explained by the fact that people left their homes in a calm environment and took away highly valued iron things.)

It is quite possible that the Polcevtsy who settled on Bun for some time coexisted with some of the Kronovtsy who lived here, who did not want to unite. In dwelling 1, all the rather plentiful equipment was of the Crown type; it still showed signs of being exposed to fire. Traces of fire and destruction were also found in Krounovo dwellings 14 and 156, which were replaced by similar structures (11 and 15a, respectively) of the Polish cultural community. These examples may indicate the insubordination of the Kronovites, for which they were subjected to punishments, apparently up to the burning of their homes.

The current level of study of the cultural and historical period under consideration allows us to speak about differences in the nature of relations between Poltsevtsy and Kronovtsy in the south and south-east of Primorye. Thus, on the Rudanovsky hillfort, where in general "a significant amount of Polish material was obtained, not mixed with foreign cultural admixtures" [Brodyansky, 1987, p.181], kans were located in dwellings. Traces of fires on the monument are not recorded. Kans in dwellings were available in the settlement of Mal. Pad and some other multi-layered monuments. No Poltsevo (or Olginsky) dwellings have been identified on the Blue Rocks. The relationship between Polish migrants and the local population in Ussuri is even less certain today, which is explained by the lack of excavated dwellings and generally large monuments.

The knowledge accumulated to date about the degree of mutual influence of Polcevtsy and Kronovtsy in the Eastern and Southern Primorye regions allows us to see the following: monuments with features of syncretism of the Kronov and Polcev cultures (the latter predominate) they belong to the Polish cultural community (Bun, Rudanovskoe, Mal. Podushechka, Novogordeevskoe hillfort, and possibly Senka's Cap). Objects that do not have clearly diagnosed features of the Poltsevo-Kron synthesis can be taken as a local chronological variant of the Poltsevo culture (Blue Rocks). Monuments of Glazovka-gorodishche and its circle are also more likely to belong to the variant of the Poltsevo culture with its metropolis in the regions of the Middle and Lower Amur region.

The Polish culture with its variants and, one might say, its subsidiaries is a phenomenon that goes far beyond the regional framework in terms of its influence. It was really a mono-culture that was formed on the territory of the Amur region, and then spread to Primorye. Equally extensive are the areas of two other cultures that followed the Poltsevo culture and absorbed a number of its components: the Mohe culture and the Jurchen culture (Medvedev, 1986, pp. 170-174). Elements of Poltsevskaya are known in the cultures of both the more northern (Yakutia, Okhotsk region) and southern (Japan) territories from it. Some researchers attribute the migration of Poltsev residents from the Amur region to changes in the political situation (activation of steppe nomads) and environmental conditions. In our opinion, the migration of the Polish tribes was largely due to the demographic factor. Certain areas of the Amur region have become densely populated under their rule. For example, in the Jewish Autonomous Region, ten or more settlements of this culture are concentrated in limited areas.

So, for three or four millennia, the Bun Hill was temporarily or permanently inhabited by carriers of many cultures of the Neolithic and Paleometallic eras. The most dense housing development of the settlement corresponds to the period of existence of the Poltsev cultural community (III century BC-V-VI centuries AD). As our research on the monument in 2005 showed, the slope of the hill developed by the Poltsev people was much more extensive than previously thought, it was at least 3 thousand m2. there could have been at least 80-90 dwellings of the Polish community alone [Derevyanko A. P. et al., 2006, vol. 1, p. 318]. The sources accumulated so far have helped to learn a lot about the cultural genesis and transformation of cultures at the late stage of the Early Iron Age in Southern Primorye. The continuation of excavations at the monument will undoubtedly provide additional important material.

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The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 06.08.07.

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