The ancient and modern history of the Kuril Archipelago always attracts the attention of researchers. One of the most striking pages in its history is the period of its discovery, development by Russian people and annexation to Russia. The discovery of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands in the second half of the 17th century completed the incorporation of significant territories of the Far East into Russia. The rapid economic development of the country, which caused a wide movement of the masses of the people outside the long-lived Old Russian lands; the development of commodity-money relations and the progress of the All-Russian market; the need for new industrial centers, mines, trade relations with the countries of Asia and America; the general spirit of the era of Great Geographical Discoveries-all this prompted numerous expeditions to spend significant resources on developing new places, including Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands. The first information about them for Russia was reported in 1697 by the explorer V. V. Atlasov. In 1745, they were plotted on the General Map of the Russian Empire in the Academic Atlas.

One of the poorly studied stages of Russian development of the Kuril Islands is the history of the settlement on the island of Urup, known as "Kuril Russia". Per-

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new information about Urup, which is inhabited by " furry Kurils "(Ainu) and rich in various natural gifts, including sea beavers, was provided by the Russian traveler Afanasy Shestakov 1 . There are references to this island in the documents of the participants of the Second Kamchatka expedition led by V. Bering 2 . Since the third quarter of the 18th century, regular visits to Urup began by Russian people who built winter quarters there and fished for sea otters. On June 2, 1768, the Cossack centurion Ivan Cherny with a detachment landed in the bay of Vaninau, the same name as the Ainu name of the island, and wintered there, living until May 9, 1769. He met with some Ainu "princes" and their relatives who came from the neighboring island. Iturup for hunting animals. The Ainu paid yasak, and to persuade other Natives to pay Yasak, Cherny visited Iturup, where he brought 83 Ainu into citizenship. His actions prompted the Ainu people who arrived on Urup to return to Iturup. Through interpreters, they asked "to announce to the secretary in Kamchatka that in the future they would send good and courteous people to them." 3
In 1770, the vessel of the Yakut merchant P. Protodyakonov moored to Urup for fishing for sea otters and stopped for the winter in one of the bays of the southern coast. The boatswain A. Sapozhnikov and the workers also came into contact with the Ainu. 18 participants of the trip returned to Peter and Paul Harbor on September 12, 1772. In 1770 - 1772, industrialists of the Tyumen merchant Yakov Nikonov wintered and hunted sea animals on Urup, who were instructed to go by kayak "to the distant islands where the centurion Cherny reached, to collect the furry yasaks brought by him as subjects and to produce crafts" 4 . Since St. Petersburg was interested in establishing good-neighborly relations with Japan and securing the Kuril Islands for Russia, Siberian Governor A. I. Bril was instructed to take further measures. He blamed it on the chief commander of Kamchatka, Prime Major K. M. von Boehm. In the instructions of November 28, 1772, he was instructed to send a ship along the Kuril Ridge with a person who knew navigation, and translators who were already with Cherny. They were instructed to " describe the customs of the inhabitants, the situation of the islands: the rivers, forests, and animal and fish industries on them, and draw up a map of the islands, and in communicating with the Japanese, find out what Japanese goods and things they need and what can be obtained from them; is it not possible to make agreements on mutual trade and setting the prices of that would have a friendly attitude with them; bring the shaggy and others into citizenship and whether they will agree to let one go to Russia to learn Russian customs " 5 .

In 1774, the ship of the Yakut merchant P. S. Lebedev - Lastochkin "Ekaterina" was also equipped there, but the ship sank off the coast of Kamchatka. In 1775, Lebedev-Lastochkin invited the Ryl merchant G. I. Shelikhov to join the company, and they equipped the ship " Sv. Nikolai" with 45 workers, a boatswain and 3 sailors. The expedition was headed by the Siberian nobleman I. M. Antipin, who spoke Japanese. A translator of the Ainu language was assigned to help him. Waiting list. The mariner was a navigator's apprentice F. Putintsev. From the Bolsheretsky Chancellery, K. M. von Boehm sent with them Corporal I. Oskolkov and several Cossacks .6 A curious instruction about the expedition, handed to Antipin on June 8, 1775: it was strictly punished under pain of death "not to offend the wild,..., treat them kindly, do not demand anything, do not take away"; when meeting with the Japanese, "act courteously, affectionately, nobly"; " if the furry and others do not tell anyone if they are subject, then invite them to become subjects, encourage them with protection from neighbors"; it was ordered on the 18th island (Urup) "for experience" to sow two pounds of rye, yaritsa, millet, oats ,barley, hemp 7. On August 13, 1775, Boehm reported to the Irkutsk governor about the purpose of the upcoming expedition; it was, in particular, said that "it is necessary to arrange for the construction of a new expedition."-

1 Goldenberg L. A. Map of Shestakov 1724 In: Ispol'zovanie starykh kartov v geograficheskikh i istoricheskikh issledovaniyakh [Using Old maps in Geographical and Historical Research], Moscow, 1980, pp. 137 - 160 pp.

2 Notes on Hydrography, 1914, vol. XXXVIII, issue 3, attached to p. 44.

3 Divin V. A. Russian navigators on the Pacific Ocean in the XVIII century. Moscow, 1971, p. 238.

4 Polonsky A. Kuril Islands. - Notes of the Russian Geographical Society. By Department of Ethnography. St. Petersburg, 1871, vol. IV, pp. 420, 440-441.

5 Ibid., pp. 441-442.

6 Ibid., p. 442.

7 Russian Pacific epic. Khabarovsk, 1979, p. 463 pp.

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it is located on the 18th or other island of the fortress... Besides, will there not be convenient places on the islands for a Russian settlement to have grain cultivation, as I expect from the testing of Antipin from the sowing of seeds sent with it? " 8
June 24, 1775 "St. John the Baptist". Nikolay " left Petropavlovsk. He came to Urup in July 1776. Antipin was afraid to enter the bay on the south side, where Protodyakonov's ship used to winter, and led the ship along the shore, looking for a suitable place. Having noticed a bay on the northern side (probably the Bay of Natalia), he entered it on August 9. People started building housing. It was not possible to pull the ship ashore, the autumn storms broke it, but the equipment was saved. In winter, industrialists began fishing and fishing for sea animals. Due to the difficult conditions, 20 workers led by Slobodchikov and Krasilnikov fled from Urup in two kayaks to the 11th island (Raikoke). Those who remained were engaged in fishing, but they did not enter into relations with the Ainu. Lebedev-Lastochkin, having learned about the death of the " Sv. St. Nicholas", sent the Irkutsk posadsky D. Ya. Shabalin with people in two kayaks to help Antipin, and with the help of the Siberian governor F. G. Nemtsov equipped the brigantine "St. Nicholas". Natalia", which went to Urup navigator M. Petushkov and new industrialists, including Solvychegodsky peasant VK Zvezdochetov (later he played a major role in the development of the island). The brigantine was loaded with goods and supplies. Petushkov received instructions: "Upon arrival on the 18th island of the workers, hand over to the frontman Shabalin, and in his inexperience rule himself on land and at sea; in 1778, return with everyone to Okhotsk, leaving only Shabalin with Prikhodin and part of the workers on Urup...; when meeting with the Japanese, persuade them to start a trade with the Russians"9 .

September 10, 1777 "St. John the Baptist". Natalia " left Okhotsk and in October, joining up with Shabalin's detachment on the way, arrived at Urup. Shabalin managed to complete the task and agree with the Japanese to meet at the agreed place for trade and continue negotiations a year later, after which the ship returned to Okhotsk on August 29, 1778. Lebedev-Lastochkin began to prepare for a new voyage, and on September 7 of the same year, " Sv. Natalia", loaded with "various Russian and German goods, such as Dutch cloths, velvets, satins, furniture sets, food supplies for 18,000 rubles," with a team and work people, set off again. The chief was Shabalin, the translator was Antipin, and the sailor was Putintsev. The ship docked at Urup in September 1778, and reached Hokkaido in the spring and summer of 1779. Trade broke out and negotiations were conducted with the Japanese on trade relations through Nagasaki. However, on September 5, the Japanese authorities interrupted trade and tried to prevent the Russians from visiting Kunashir and Iturup.

The St. Natalia returned to Urup on October 29. Wintering was difficult. Some people fell ill and died, there were almost daily earthquakes, on June 18 there was a tsunami: several people were killed, housing was demolished, food was destroyed or spoiled, a ship was washed ashore 10 . Antipin with 14 men went to Kamchatka to report on the incident and ask for help (he sailed on a kayak on June 30, 1780), and Shabalin remained on Urup with 52 people. Lebedev-Lastochkin tried to help remove the " Sv. Natalia": in September 1781, the St. George galliot approached Urup, but did not help in any way and went fishing to the Aleutian Islands. Shabalin, unable to rescue the ship, left the island and arrived in Bolsheretsk in the summer of 1782, and from there to Okhotsk, where the galliot " Sv. Pavel". This ship reached Urup on June 26, 1784, but also failed to remove the brigantine from the shore and went to the Aleutian Islands. Shabalin with 11 workers stayed for the winter once more and in 1785 returned to Bolsheretsk. Thus, his settlement lasted in the Kuril Islands for 10 years.

This was the first stage of Kuril-Russia. The second one began in 1795, when the Russian colony on Urup was resumed on the initiative of G. I. Shelikhov. It was located in the bay of Tavano (Kobunoban, now-Aleutka). In 1794, Shelikhov wrote to A. A. Baranov, who headed the Russian settlements in Northwestern America: "I intend to maintain a company on the island of Urup in addition to the establishment of grain farming on this island, since Urup lies in close proximity

8 Polonsky A. Uk. soch., pp. 449-450.

9 Ibid., pp. 452-453.

10 TSGADA, State Archive, section 7, 2539, on. 1, ll. 7ob. - 8.

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with Japan..., I ask you to instruct the ruler of the said company that, if you happen to meet with the Japanese, show them friendly disposition and affection, without giving the slightest suspicion, and moreover, through the furry Kuril islands, try to find out about Japan and other Kuril Islands closest to this land, namely: what they abound in, occupation residents, etc. Also, try by all means to caress the furry Kuriles and through them establish trade relations with the Japanese, trying to get, if possible, bread and goods from them. To entice the Kuriles to settle in Urup and produce grain farming"11 . And in 1794, on the ship "St. Alexey", a detachment of 31 industrialists, 4 settlers, 3 women and 2 Aleuts went to Urup under the leadership of the foremost V. K. Zvezdochetov, who was appointed head of the settlement. The director of the Russian-American company N. P. Rezanov reported later: "They settled down on the noonday side in the harbor where the merchant Lebedev-Lastochkin's ship had previously wintered and was thrown ashore by an eastern storm, because the harbor was not protected from the east in the least, and the ship St. Alexey also suffered distress from these winds and, with an unusual tide of water, was brought into the river, from which they could easily have released him in the spring. " 12
Regarding the personality of Zvezdochetov, there are conflicting reviews about a person who is either cruel or of a good temper .13 He had repeatedly visited the Kuril Islands and knew them perfectly. After wintering, he began to make experiments on crops: "The loaves ran out into the ear, but could not fill; the peas gave very thin pods and unreliable seeds, the flax was fair." Outraged by his strictness, the industrialists dismissed him from their superiors, chose Koshechkin as a front-runner, and sent Zvezdochetov to the 17th island (Simushir), so that the Kurils would deliver him to Kamchatka. Astrologers also managed to return to Urup, chained the instigators and sent them to Kamchatka himself. Fearing the rest, he ordered 15 subordinates to return to Russia for reinforcements. They went to the north side, collected a switchblade forest and built a kayak, and in 1798 they sailed away. Astrologers with 12 men and 3 women stayed on Urup. In 1805. Rezanov, returning from Japan on the ship of I. F. Krusenstern, tried to approach Urup to find out about the state of the settlement, but failed to swim to the island. Astrologers died in April 1805, and the people who were with him, having no means of subsistence, then left Urup14 . In 1807, the Russian brig Juno under the command of N. A. Khvostov, approaching Urup, did not find any Russians there. They found only their home and a few graves. Thus, at the second stage, Kuril Russia also existed for 10 years.

In June 1811, Lieutenant Commander V. M. Golovin, while exploring the Kuril Islands, approached Urup on the sloop Diana. Midshipman F. Moore and navigator's assistant V. Sredny took a boat to the harbor on the ocean side of the island and found yurts, a booth, two crosses, and an old ship lying on the shore .15 It was the last evidence of Zvezdochetov's settlement. And in 1828, the trading post of the Russian-American Company on Urup was resumed. The third stage of the Russian settlement of the island has begun. Until 1831, the company's ruler was P. E. Chistyakov. He was the initiator of the new settlement of Urup and in 1828 sent there a fishing party of 50 people with the necessary materials. The head of the party was appointed midshipman A. K. Etolin, who managed to finish all the buildings before the fall. The Urup sea otter fishery provided the company with more than 800,000 rubles ' worth of furs during 1828-182916 .

Soon Urup became the center of the Kuril department of the Russian-American company. In the 1930s, agriculture developed intensively there, as well as on other Kuril Islands. Cows, goats, and sheep were imported, and vegetable gardens and arable land sprang up. The Aleuts began to move there. Carpentry, locksmithing and blacksmithing workshops appeared. Island trade was launched. In the early 1930s, the management of the Kuril Department was transferred to O. Sima-

11 P. Tikhmenev Historical review of the formation of the Russian-American Company and its actions up to the present time. T. I. SPb. 1861, p. 44.

12 Ibid., vol. II. 1861, pp. 228-230.

13 LO of the Archive of the USSR Academy of Sciences, f. 53, op. I, d. 14, l. 14.

14 Tikhmenev P. Uk. soch. T. 1, p. 110.

15 Golovin V. M. Journey on the sloop "Diana" from Kronstadt to Kamchatka in 1807-1811. Moscow, 1961, p. 415.

16 Tikhmenev P. Uk. soch. T. I, p. 270.

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A large Russian settlement and industrial parties remained on Urup until 1875, when Japan separated the Kuril Islands from Russia. Everything that reminded of the Russian presence there was destroyed, buildings were destroyed, pillars and crosses with inscriptions about belonging to Russia were demolished, the Ainu were taken to Shikotan Island, where they found their grave.

In 1978, it was decided to conduct a permanent archaeological excavation in the Aleutian Bay on Urup to study Kuril Russia and the activities of Russian industrialists who were the first to develop these islands. The Sakhalin Regional Museum of Local Lore and the Sakhalin Department of the Geographical Society of the USSR organized an expedition designed for several years of work. In the autumn of 1978, the authors of this article landed from a hydrographic vessel at the northern tip of Urup. Initially, the bay of Companeyskaya on the Okhotsk side, 25 km south-west of the Sea of Okhotsk, was surveyed. Castricum. Lifting material from a Neolithic settlement was collected there. The second object of the study was the Aleutian Peninsula. This is a fairly deep harbor, closed from the winds of all directions, except for the east, accessible to small vessels. The river of the same name with the bay and an unnamed stream flow into it. On the first sea terrace, flat and convenient for settlement, at the foot of a steep hill, a cultural layer was discovered. The pit pit installed its capacity and area (more than 4 thousand square meters).

In 1981, stationary archaeological research began in the Aleutian Bay. First, a magnetic survey of the area was carried out using proton and quantum magnetometers and magnetic anomalies were detected. As it turned out later, they were associated with metal objects from the cultural layer. By 1984, the surveyed area had reached 1,800 square meters. meters. The culture layer with a thickness of 0.25 to 1 m is heterogeneous in composition and color. Heavy layers of construction debris and wood chips are particularly rich in finds. Numerous metal products were found: staples, pins, forged nails, a cast-iron cauldron, harpoons for fishing for sea animals. Of interest are lead fillings of a rounded shape with monograms of CANCER (a Russian-American company). They were used to seal warehouses. Glass dishes, beads, and earthenware items were found. In 1982, a blacksmith complex consisting of two forges (ring masonry made of pebbles) and a stone paving of the floor of a ground structure - a forge-was studied. Forgings, castings, and blacksmith tools were also found here.

In the central part of the settlement, the lower crowns of a 9.9-by-4.1 m wooden structure cut down from a stone birch tree, oriented along a long axis from northwest to southeast and divided by partitions into three isolated rooms: a living room with a fireplace in a wooden frame in the middle, a corridor-shaped exit-vestibule (there was a stone platform in front of the outer door), outbuilding for keeping livestock. Numerous household items were also found here: wooden products (veselka, tolkushka, a spatula for stirring dough, a board for cutting wild garlic), a large collection of axes, including a copy with a perfectly preserved axe handle, kitchen and penknives, several copies of wooden and birch bark scabbards, forks, forged nails, chisels, a hammer, peshni, fishing gear. More than 1 thousand fragments of glass and earthenware dishes were collected, among them products of Russian peasant firms, including the Barmin Brothers factory, and dishes of English production. The collection of household items includes metal and bone torch holders, a bronze candle holder, and an Orthodox cross, issued in 1834. coin of 5 kopecks, beads, thimbles, remnants of men's, women's and children's leather shoes of different sizes. Hunting equipment and weapons are represented by a large collection of rifle flints, gun parts, lead bullets and buckshot, cannonballs, molds for casting bullets and buckshot, a copper vessel for pouring molten lead. In 1983, a wooden and copper ruler with inch divisions, a copper protractor, and more than 1,800 pieces of beads were found.

Next to the building, the pit of a semi-underground dwelling of 4.0 by 3.7 and 0.8 m type with a corridor-like exit 1.5 m long, a system of pits from supporting pillars, and a hearth made of sea pebbles was studied. Found nearby is a stone lamp-oil lamp, a labrette (an ornament made of bone, stone or metal, which the Aleuts inserted into punctures of the nostrils, cheeks, lips), two jagged harpoon tips made of bone.-

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they say that an artel of Aleuts lived here. Presumably, a whole residential and economic complex associated with the second stage of the Russian settlement was discovered. The living space with a vestibule and a stable, the Aleutian dwelling and the blacksmith's complex are located next to each other, on the same level and are oriented around the world at the same angle. This layer also includes homemade household items made of metal, bone, wood, and leather.

In 1981-1983, a search was carried out in the swampy valley of the Aleutian River, where the remains of the "Holy Cross" once rested at a distance of up to 400 m from the sea. Natalia", thrown out by the tsunami in 1780. The search has not yet been successful.

As for the third stage of Kuril-Russian life, the cultural layer of this time can be traced everywhere. A large number of glass and earthenware dishes, metal tools, a lot of ash and charcoal were found. The latter confirms the information that after 1875 the Japanese tried to destroy the remains of the Russian settlement.

A number of issues related to the first stage of the settlement remain unclear. Research in the Aleutian Peninsula continues. It is also planned to explore the coast of Barkhatny Bay, Tokotan and Natalia bays, where Russians also settled. These studies are of great historical significance. As you know, under the Russo-Japanese treaty of 1855, the Kuril Islands were declared possessions of Russia. Under the 1951 Treaty of San Francisco, Japan renounced all claims to the Kuril Islands. However, now in the Land of the Rising Sun, militarism rearing its head, fueled by American propaganda, puts forward unfounded claims to foreign territories.

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