The article presents the results of the study of bone remains of animals from the Poluysky cape town of the late XVI-early XVIII centuries (excavations in 2004-2005). 20 species of domestic and wild mammals, 22 - birds, 11 - fish were identified. The composition of skeletal elements, bone fragmentation, and methods of butchering animal carcasses used for food are analyzed. Based on the analysis of the species composition of commercial animals, the hunting activity of the population is characterized, conclusions are drawn about the seasonal nature of the functioning of the town. The ritual practices of the inhabitants associated with the use of animals are described.

Keywords: North-West Siberia, Poluysky cape town, Princes Taishins, archeozoology, historical ecology.

Introduction

Recently, quite a lot of northern sites with a frozen cultural layer have been studied (Nadymsky Gorodok, Nakhodka Bay, Ust-Voikarskoye, Mangazeya, etc.), where animal bone remains form one of the most numerous categories of finds (Lobanova, 2003; Kosintsev and Lobanova, 2005; Kardash and Lobanova, 2008; etc.). The study of this mass material is one of the most important tasks of archaeological research. Firstly, because it reflects the peculiarities of the diet of local residents, whose diet is based on animal products, and their availability directly depends on the possibility of survival in harsh northern conditions. Secondly, bone remains are the same evidence of almost all aspects of the life of the population, as well as a clothing complex.

The study of the Poluysky cape town is part of a large work on the study and reconstruction of the economy, life, and religion of the ancient inhabitants of Northwestern Siberia. Its first stage is reflected in the book "Historical ecology of the population of the north of Western Siberia" [2013]. Similar works are being carried out on other monuments, but in order to achieve the above-mentioned goal, a comparative analysis of archaeological materials on all types of sources and aspects is necessary.

The purpose of this publication is to present the biological data obtained as a result of studying and analyzing the archeozoological collection from Poluysky Cape town in a historical and archaeological context. On their basis, an attempt is made to reveal in more detail the everyday, commercial, economic and ritual aspects of the life of the population of the town, which cannot be recreated only with the use of a clothing complex and other artifacts.

Fig. 1. Location of the Poluysky cape town.

Research object

Poluysky cape town is located within the city of Salekhard on the right root bank of the Poluy River (66° 32' N, 66° 34' E) (Fig. 1). Archaeological work in 2004 - 2005 was carried out by a comprehensive research expedition of the Research and Production Association "Northern Archeology" under the leadership of Fr. V. Kardasha with the involvement of specialists from the Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology (IERiZ) Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The excavations revealed archaeological layers of several settlement complexes of different times in the middle of the I-III millennium AD. The deposits of the Early Iron Age were overlain by layers of the Poluysky cape town of the late XVI-early XVIII centuries and the village of Obdorsky of the XVIII-XIX centuries. They are not separated from each other by any sterile layers and are sometimes mixed.

During the 2004-2005 excavations, samples were collected for further laboratory analysis. The determination and description of bone remains was carried out on the basis of the reference collection of the Zoological Museum of the Institute of Zoology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Bird bones were determined by researcher A. E. Nekrasov; fish-Candidate of Historical Sciences. Doctor of Science D. O. Plakhutoy.

The planning structure of the Poluysky cape town was formed on the site of a promontory-shaped terrace projection on the right root bank of the Poluy River (Fig. 2).At the north-western tip of the cape, a defensive and residential complex was located, including four residential buildings (these include buildings 1-3). To the south-east of this place of residence of the chief, his family and relatives were randomly located buildings. They were a kind of posad that did not have any defensive fortifications. In total, all the excavations revealed the remains of 11 residential buildings (Fig. 3). In addition, on the southern edge of the town there was a site formed from a layer of wood chips. For a number of reasons, we call it ritual.

Description of the archeozoological collection

The archeozoological collection consists of 14,002 specimens. (Table 1). In addition to the bone remains listed in Table 1, four rodent bones, four fragments of human bones, and four fragments of a mammoth tusk with traces of processing were found on the monument. All the tusks are of the Pleistocene type of fossilization and were brought by the inhabitants of the town, probably for making handicrafts.

Mammalian bones are the most numerous and account for 80 % of the total number of bone remains. Identifiable bones belong to both wild and domestic animals of 20 species. Part of the mammalian bone remains (1,343 specimens) could not be determined to the species, but we can say that only 3% of them belong to small animals (hare, arctic fox?), and about 95 % - to large ones, presumably reindeer.

Cattle (Bos taurus). There are quite a lot of cattle bones in the upper layers of the monument, which we identify with the layers of the village of Obdorsky. Only three cow bones can be attributed directly to the layers of the Poluysky cape town. These are two fragments of the pelvis (from building 7) and one of the shoulder blade with a trace from the arrowhead (from building 3).

Small cattle (Ovis aries and Capra hircus). In materials from excavations in 2004-2005. It is represented by a single find-a fragment of the lower jaw of a young animal found on the periphery of the town.

Pig (Sus scrofa domestica). The number of animal bones of this species is small. They are found both in the posadskaya part of the town and in the defensive-residential complex, but mainly in the most recent layers of the beginning of the XVIII century. All elements of the skeleton are presented (Table 2). Six bones belong to young animals, one to a newborn.

Dog (Canis familiaris). On the territory of the town, bone remains of at least 18 individuals were found. Most of the bones (76%) were found in the Posadskaya part of the settlement (see Table 1). In excavations 1 and 2, two almost complete skeletons (in anatomical order) of adult individuals with preserved hair remains and one of a young one were found

2. Planning structure of the Poluysky cape town based on the materials of excavations in 2004-2005, a-remains of wooden structures; b-reconstructed boundaries of buildings; c - space of buildings; d-cultural layer of the late XVI - XVII centuries in the inter-dwelling space; e-redeposited cultural layer of the cemetery of the XIX century and trenches of the foundation of the river station XX century; d - border of the frozen cultural layer of the posad; f-basement of the river port building, communications, buildings of the ensemble "City of Masters".

3. Remains of building 1 of the defensive-residential complex in the frozen cultural layer. View from the southwest. Photo taken in 2004

Table 1. Species composition and number of bone remains in various objects Poluysky cape town

Notes: sk. - a complete skeleton or a fragment of it, l. - a whole hind or foreleg.

Table 2. Composition of skeletal elements of a few mammalian species

Окончание табл. 2

* The bones belong to one individual. ** Products. *** Includes skeletal fragments of one individual.

4. Bone remains of dogs (Canisfamiliaris). 1 - adult skull; 2-7-lower jaws; 8, 9-ritual burials of dogs; 10, 11-adult skulls in the cultural layer.

5. Bones with traces of armor-piercing arrowheads. 1-8, 10, 11-reindeer bones: 1, 4-fragments of pelvic bones, 2, 10-horns. 3-ulna, 5 - rib fragment, 6-skull fragment, 7, 8 - fragments of tubular bones, 11-talus; 9-pelvic bone of the dog.

4, 8, 9). It is obvious that these dogs were specially buried and probably for ritual purposes. In addition, the remains of several more skeletons of dogs were found, mainly in the posadskaya part of the town, but it is more difficult to interpret the origin of these burials. Among the single bones, all the elements of the skeleton are represented (Table 1). 2), relatively many whole or almost whole skulls and lower jaws. In excavation 11B, three intact skulls of large dogs were found, including one with a lower jaw (Figs. 4, 10, 11). In addition to the bones of the axial skeleton and legs, the PA excavation contained six lower jaws (Figs. 4, 2 - 7) belonging to smaller individuals. A skull fragment, two lower jaws of different animals, neck, tail and foreleg bones of young and adult animals, a dog's pelvis with a mark from an armor-piercing arrowhead and traces of biting were found in building 7 (Figs. 5, 9). Explaining the origin of the latest find is now quite difficult. Most of the dog bones are intact, the most fragmented are tubular, which, as a rule, are represented only by diaphysis or half of the bone with the upper or lower epiphysis preserved. Some bones (25 copies) were chewed. Twenty bones belonged to young individuals and two to newborn puppies.

Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). The bones of an animal of this species make up 63 % (7,111 specimens) of the total number of mammalian bone remains, and taking into account indeterminate, but presumably belonging to reindeer, their specific weight is even higher. They are numerous in all objects of the town (see Table 1). At least 130 individuals are represented. Elements of the most meaty parts of the body predominate, scapulae, fragments of the pelvis and tubular leg bones make up 50% of the total number of bone remains of deer (Table 3). There are few vertebrae and ribs. About 12% of the bone remains are found in the head, but almost half of them are fragments of horns. A third of the skull fragments (46 specimens) bear the bases of horns, the ends of which are often cut off or chopped off. In several cases, the horns and skulls were chewed by dogs. Fragments of reindeer skulls are most often found in the upper horizons of buildings 1 and 3 of the defense and residential complex, as well as on the south-eastern periphery of the posad.

Most of the vertebrae, ribs, and epiphyses of the tubular bones, as well as some others, were chewed by dogs (Figs. 6, 18). They make up 10 % (744 specimens) of the total number of deer bone remains. 92 bones have traces of digestion, most of them are small bones of the wrist and tarsus, as well as the phalanges.

Most of the reindeer bone remains that do not carry age markers are attributed to adults. The age of animals can be determined by the state of the dental system (Akaevsky, 1939). The study of mandibular fragments (Figs. 6, 1-6) showed that 43% of them belong to young individuals (0.5 - 1.5 years) and only 2.6% belong to very old ones. Thus, almost half of the animals slaughtered were

Table 3. Composition of reindeer, arctic fox, and white hare skeletal elements

at the age of less than 2 years, such selectivity is unlikely to be possible when hunting wild deer.

Most of the reindeer bones are highly fragmented, with no more than 7% intact, mostly small bones of the lower limbs and isolated teeth. This pattern is typical for kitchen waste. All the tubular bones, the lower jaws, and most of the phalanges were made up of bone marrow. Traces of tools on the bones allow us to reconstruct in general terms the methods of butchering carcasses. The distal parts of the legs were cut off at the hock and carpal joints. The limbs were usually severed at the knee and hip, shoulder and elbow joints. In the latter case, the dissection was performed as follows: the humeral diaphysis was broken up near the lower end (Figs. 6, 15-18), and the radial one - near the upper end. After that, sometimes the joint was cut lengthwise. Judging by the marks on the first and second cervical vertebrae

b. Bone remains of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). 1-6-lower jaws (1, 4-young animals); 7-9-shoulder blades (9-young individuals); 10-13-preparations of products made from reindeer horns; 14-atlas and epistropheus; 15-18 - fragments of the humerus (18-lower epiphysis gnawed by dogs); 19 - the first cervical vertebra (atlas).

6, 14), the head was cut off by epistropheus or cut off from the atlas. After that, the neck was cut lengthwise. The spine was cut or chopped apart, and the pelvis was severed from the sacrum. The ribs, roughened from the vertebrae, were cut into two or three parts.

11 reindeer bones show traces of armor-piercing arrowheads (see Fig. 5. 1 - 8, 10, 11). Various parts of the skeleton are represented : the skull, horns, ulna, pelvis, talus, and rib. The origin of such a hole on the inner articular surface of the pelvis is not entirely clear( see Figs. 5, 1), since in the animal's body it is closed by the femoral head.

The remains of deer skins were found in different parts of the town, in addition, quite a lot of scraps of wool are found in almost all samples of the cultural layer. It is interesting to note the presence of fragments of summer fur among these remains, i.e. the skins of animals slaughtered in the summer were used.

Moose (Alces alces). Almost all of its bones are concentrated in the later layers of the town. All elements of the skeleton are represented (see Table 2). Three bones are gnawed. A processed horn fragment was found in the Posadskaya part. One bone belonged to a young animal.

Arctic fox (Alopex lagopus). This is the third most abundant species (see Table 1). They make up 9 % of the total number of mammalian bones. Based on the number of lower jaws, it can be assumed that the remains of at least TWO individuals were preserved. All elements of the skeleton are represented (see Table). 3), but skulls and lower jaws predominate. Interestingly, the largest number of the latter is concentrated in the posadskaya part of the town, and most of the fragments of skulls are located in the building 1 of the defense and residential complex and next to it. Judging by the ratio of skeletal elements, only a third of the arctic fox carcasses fell into the town. In the northern corner of building 1 in the mid-17th century layer, an accumulation of arctic fox bones was found, accounting for 39 % of the total number on the monument. A large number of elements of the axial skeleton (vertebrae and ribs) are concentrated here, as well as the remains of four forelegs and two hind legs with hair. Several whole carcasses may have been stored. Arctic fox bones are slightly fragmented (except for skulls), only 13 specimens. have traces of biting, 3-signs of digestion. It can be said that these animals, as a rule, were not used for food. Pendants are made from six arctic fox talus bones. Only three bones belong to semi-adult animals, the rest-completely

for adults. In this area, the arctic fox does not breed, but only occurs in winter, migrating from the tundra zone [Shtro. 1997]. All this suggests that its fishing was carried out mainly in winter.

The fox (Vulpes vulpes). There are very few bones, half of them are concentrated in Building 1 (see Table 1). Almost all parts of the skeleton are represented (see Table 2). Three leg bones of a young animal were found in the posadskaya part. Pendants made from the lower jaw, tusk and talus of a fox were found in building 1. Probably, a small number of foxes were obtained in the vicinity of the town.

Wolf (Canis lupus). The number of bone remains is small, and almost all of them come from the Posadskaya part of the town (see Table 1). The head and leg bones are represented (see Table 2). Several bones of the hind leg of a young wolf have been preserved, probably obtained in late summer and early autumn. In addition, the lower jaw and epistropheus of a young animal were also found, but it is impossible to say for sure whether they belong to the same individual. Six wolf bones are chewed. The wolf is a permanent resident of the forest-tundra zone. The number of animals of this species varies depending on the number of reindeer.

Brown bear (Ursus arctos). This species is represented by a single find - the shoulder blade of a young animal (Figs. 7, 2).

Wolverine (Gulo gulo). Its bone remains were found in both parts of the town (see Table 1). Among the finds there are elements of all parts of the skeleton (see Table 1). 2), but the head bones predominate. Seven practically intact skulls were found, and two of them had their brain boxes pierced, probably for ritual purposes. The phalanges of the fingers are completely absent. Several leg bones were found in Building 7. Judging by the fact that the metapods were cut in half, the phalanges remained on the skin. All bone remains belong to adults. Almost all the bones are intact. Three pendants made of talus bones were found. Wolverine is a permanent inhabitant of the forest tundra with a relatively low population.

Sable (Maries zibellina). This species is represented by isolated finds (see Table. 1) originating from the posadskaya part of the town. Among them, there are elements of the head and upper parts of the legs (see Table 2). The bones, with the exception of the skull, are intact. All belong to adult animals. A pendant is made from the lower jaw. The small number of remains of this species is probably due to its small number in nature during the functioning of the town.

Ermine (Mustela erminea). All the bone remains, with the exception of one skull, were found on the territory of the defensive-residential complex (see Table 1). In building 1, a whole skull and part of the skeleton of one individual were found, in building 3 - two skulls and a lower jaw from one of them. Ermine lived in the forest tundra all year round, but prey was made in late autumn or winter, after it sheds.

White hare (Lepus timidus). The bones of animals of this species make up 12.5 % of the total number of mammalian bone remains (see Table. 1) and belong to at least 56 individuals. They are found throughout the town. All elements of the skeleton are represented (see Table 3). We should note the most numerous accumulation of hare bones in the northern corner of Building 1 in the layers of the mid-late 17th century, where

7. Mammalian bone remains. 1 - lower part of the hind leg of a hare with hair in the cultural layer of building 1; 2 - shoulder blade of a brown bear; 3-fragment of a beluga vertebra; 4-part of the occipital condyle of a beluga.

In addition to other skeletal elements, the remains of 54 lower parts of the forelegs and hind legs with hair were found (Fig. 7, 1). The largest number of skull remains were also found here.

The fragmentation of the hare's bones is insignificant. The most fragmented skulls and tubular leg bones. especially the femoral and tibial muscles. The bones of the skull are the most fragile and break when they hit the layer. The hind legs of a hare are the most meaty parts of the carcass, and their bones were probably chewed to eat the marrow. Judging by the composition of the skeletal elements and the nature of fragmentation, the carcasses of the hunted hares were brought entirely to the settlement and consumed as food.

Most of the bone remains belong to adults. The proportion of bones of young animals varies from 20 to 28 % for different elements of the skeleton. This suggests that the hare fishery was also conducted in the warm season - in late summer and autumn, when the youngsters are growing up. The abundance of this species in the area of the monument is very significant, since the vast floodplains of the Poluy and Ob Rivers are optimal biotopes for it. In winter, it could increase due to migrants from the north. Hare fishing is most effective in winter, when the animal stuffs trails in the snow, where loops are placed (Korytin and Golovatin, 2002).

Beaver (Castor fiber). Few bone remains were found (see Table 1). Mostly the bones of the head and upper parts of the limbs were preserved (see Table 2). There are practically no bones of the lower parts of the paws, with the exception of 11 talus ones, from which the suspensions are made. Six beaver bones belong to young animals taken in late summer and early autumn.

Common squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris). The lower jaw and femur were found on the territory of the posad.

Ringed seal (Phoca hispida). It is represented by the whole humerus of a young animal, found in the upper layers in building 1.

Beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas). Fragments of the skull (part of the occipital condyle), ribs, and bodies of two vertebrae were found (Figs.

Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus). One walrus tooth was found in building 1 of the defense and residential complex. It's pretty much erased. A similar tooth was found in building 7 of Posad, as well as a processed fragment of a tusk.

Bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus). This species is represented by fragments of vertebral discs. All belong to young individuals. Two disks from Building 1 had traces of processing. Similar finds are found in collections from the Nadym settlement and Mangazeya (Kardash, 2009, p. 165).

Birds. Bird bones are relatively few -7 % (1,000 specimens). of the total number of bone remains, including 596 specimens. have been identified. There are 22 species that live on this territory. Among the detectable remains, the bones of the white partridge (Lagopus lagopus) predominate, they make up 69 % (413 specimens). This species is very numerous in the forest-tundra zone, especially in the floodplains of rivers, including the Polui River. Here it is mainly concentrated in winter (Boikov, 1981). About-

8. Bones of the crow (Corvus corax) from building 1. 1-skull; 2-lower jaws; 3-humerus; 4 - ulna; 5-coracoids; 6-scapulae; 7-radius; 8-vertebrae; 9-ribs; 10-clavicle; 11-keel; 12-complex pelvis; 13-pharynx; 14 - tibia; 15 - femur.

partridge ashes are most effective in winter and spring. However, despite the predominance of its bones in the collection, we cannot speak about a significant winter fishery of this species. If we compare it with the amount of partridge caught in Nadymsky gorodok, an aboriginal settlement that was active in winter, then the local fishery will be no more than 6 % of it. Capercaillie (Tetrao uragalus), various types of ducks and geese were also hunted. Bones of waterfowl (mainly geese) are not numerous and make up 17 % (98 specimens). of the total number of detectable residues. This is now difficult to explain, since this area is located on the central route of spring and autumn migration of waterfowl (Braude, 1992).

Among the bird species not used in writing, there are eagle (Aquila sp.), white owl (Nyctea scandiaca), raven (Corvus corax), gray crow (Corvus comix), magpie (Pica pica), gull (Larus argentatus). We assume that some of them were used in cult practice. The greatest interest in this regard is represented by an almost complete set of raven bones arranged in anatomical order from building 1 of the defense and residential complex (Fig. 8) and part of the raven skeleton from the posadskaya building 7. We tend to interpret them as ritual burials.

The bones of a domestic chicken (Gallus gallus) found in the upper horizons may have come from layers associated with the functioning of the village of Obdorsky.

Fish. Fish bones account for 14 % (1,698 specimens) of the total number of bone remains. The largest number of them was found in the Posadskaya part of the town (see Table 1). In addition, accumulations of small bones and scales were found in almost all samples of the cultural layer. 548 fish bones of 11 species were identified: 244 - burbot (Lota lota), 208 - whitefish (Coregonus sp.), 32 - nelma (Stenodus leucichthys nelma), 28-Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri), 26-pike (Esox lucius), 5-perch (Perca fluviatilis), 3-ide (Leuciscus idus), one bone each of sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) and ruff (Acerina cernua). The presence of numerous fly puparia in the cultural layer samples containing a significant amount of fish scales and small bones suggests that active fishing and processing of fish was carried out in the summer.

Concluding the description, we note that the species composition of bone remains, data on their shape and utilization, as well as on the ecology and biology of species will be analyzed in the context of the planning structure of the Poluysky Cape town.

Conclusions

As a result of archeozoological studies of the Poluysky cape town, it was established that the local population was fishing for animals, birds and fish. Among the mammals most actively hunted were reindeer, hare and Arctic fox, in small numbers-elk, beaver, fox, sable, ermine, extremely rare-bear, wolf, wolverine, squirrel, whale, walrus, seal. Of the birds, they hunted mainly white partridge, as well as ducks and geese. Among the commercial fish were burbot and representatives of the whitefish family. Domestic animals are represented by such species as reindeer, dog, pig, large and small cattle, chicken.

Analysis of the data obtained indicates a very similar natural environment of the town during its operation and at the present time. The only difference in the fauna is that by the end of the 18th century, sable and beaver were completely exterminated here (Kirikov, 1960).

In traditional culture, household and economic aspects are closely related. The way of life of the indigenous population of the region, and Poluysky Gorodok in particular, was determined by the ecology of the main commercial animal species, most of which make massive seasonal migrations. This is usually associated with the seasonality of the functioning of settlements in the north. Based on the ecology of the main commercial species presented in the excavation materials, it can be said that fishing here was conducted both in the cold and in the warm season. Most likely, the Poluysky cape town was not used constantly, but with a certain frequency, and there were periods of both almost complete and partial absence of residents in it. Most of the posadsky population left the town for the summer period. A princely family with a small guard remained in it [Kardash, 2013]. In addition to historical sources, this is supported by the frequency of slaughter of reindeer, which was the main source of food for the residents of the town. For example, almost all the jaws of deer killed in the summer were found on the territory of a defensive-residential complex (Bachura, 2013).

The few bone remains of domestic ungulates (cows, pigs, sheep) do not indicate that these animals were kept by the inhabitants of the town, but rather that the local population was connected with the Russians, who actively arrived in the north of Western Siberia in the late 17th and early 18th centuries and raised cattle (Bachura, Lobanova, Bobkovskaya, 2011). The only domestic ungulate species among the inhabitants of the town could be a reindeer. The presence in the archaeological collection of details of tundra-type skew-and-dust sleds (reindeer) and harnesses indicates the use of reindeer sleds and, probably, the existence of transport reindeer husbandry. According to archaeozoological data, it is difficult to judge the degree of its development. Probably settled

the population of the town was not engaged in breeding reindeer, which requires constant nomadism. Perhaps the family of the chief had domestic deer, which were grazed by special people. In the domestic practice of the indigenous population, deer carcasses were used completely (meat, skin, horns, bones, tendons) [Istoricheskaya ekologiya..., 2013, p. 155]. Judging by the fact that the monument contains all the elements of the skeleton of a reindeer, as well as fragments of skins and horns, whole carcasses fell into the town, and their cutting and disposal was carried out at the settlement. But the predominance of upper leg bones and a small number of axial skeletal remains (ribs and vertebrae) suggest that more often these were only meat parts of the carcass, probably domestic reindeer, which the community supplied to the princely family.

Dogs were kept and bred in the town. The bone remains clearly show two size groups : rather tall, large individuals that may have been used as mounts, and small ones that are close to the size of reindeer huskies. Here is how such breed groups were described by O. Finsh and A. Brem in the XIX century: "In addition to sled dogs, however, they also keep small dogs only below the Birch Tree, solely because of the long, soft, white or black hair, which is very common here for the edge of men's and women's dresses. I saw the most beautiful dogs of this breed at Prince Obdorsky's in Kanyaz-Yurt" [Travel..., 1882, p. 334]. The existence of transport dog breeding is also confirmed by the presence on the monument of fragments of cross-pollinated sleds of the taiga variant (dog sleds). The breeding of small-sized dogs, presumably reindeer huskies, indirectly indicates the presence of reindeer husbandry. In general, we can talk about a relatively developed transport reindeer breeding and dog breeding to meet the needs of the residents of the town.

The basis of the economy was fishing activity. The leading commercial species was probably reindeer. Now it is possible to estimate the ratio of bones of its wild and domestic forms only by indirect data. Bones with traces of armor-piercing arrowheads indicate the existence of individual methods of hunting wild reindeer (hunting with a mannerist deer, deer sledding, etc.) [Istoricheskaya ekologiya..., 2013, p. 287]. But the negligible number of such arrowheads, as well as other hunting tools in the archaeological collection, suggests that, perhaps, the main fishing was carried out by community members. Collective corral hunting methods were used during mass migrations of deer in spring (from the forest-tundra and northern taiga regions to the tundra for calving and fattening) and in autumn (back to the forest-tundra and northern taiga for wintering) [Ibid.].

Individual elk bones were found mainly in the upper horizons, and probably most of them date back to the end of the XVII-beginning of the XVIII century. The number of elk was low at that time, and no special hunting was conducted for it [Kosintsev, 2006, pp. 69-71]. Among wild mammalian species, in addition to reindeer, the largest number of bone remains belongs to the white hare. Its meat served as an additional source of protein, but it is possible to talk about any significant fishing of the hare only in the period of the middle and end of the XVII century.

Bird hunting was practiced, but judging by the relatively small number of their bones, it did not play a big role in the life support of the population of the town. The main commercial species was the white partridge, which was hunted in winter. In our opinion, the small number of waterfowl (geese and ducks) caught in the spring and summer can be explained by the migration of a part of the local population to the tundra in the summer after reindeer.

Fishing played a significant role in the life support of the inhabitants of Poluysky cape town. Fish served as an additional food source and the main food for dogs. As noted by A.V. Golovnev, the maintenance of sled dogs was advisable only in areas of intensive fishing [1993, p. PO]. The archaeological collection contains quite a lot of tools for both summer and winter fishing. The natural conditions of the area allow fishing from March-April to January. Only in late winter and early spring, fish is absent due to freezing. The number of fish remains may be underestimated, since small bones are often not selected from the cultural layer (Nekrasov and Kosintsev, 2011). In addition, the dogs ate most of it completely, without any residue, and very little waste fell into the layer.

Fur-bearing, commercial hunting, mainly for arctic foxes, played a small role in the structure of the fishery. Its peak occurred in the middle-end of the XVII century. Fur-bearing species (excluding the hare) account for 10% of mammalian bone remains during this period, of which 9% are arctic fox bones, while in Nadymsky Gorodok-24 and 19.5%, respectively. Judging by the large number of bone remains of the postcranial arctic fox skeleton, fishing was carried out near the settlement and part of the carcasses were brought to the town. They may have been used for food and / or stored in case of famine. Some of the captured animals were probably eaten or fed to dogs at the fishing site, taking only the heads and skins. The heads and sometimes the lower parts of the arctic fox's paws were preserved. Specialized hunting for other fur-bearing animals was not conducted. Fox, sable, ermine, beaver, squirrel were probably obtained along the way.

Speaking about marine mammals represented on the monument by isolated finds, it should be noted that the seal could independently climb from the lip to the town along the Ob River. The bones of whales, walruses, and belugas could only have been brought from the coast of the Kara Sea or the Gulf of Ob, but no targeted hunting of these species was carried out by the residents of the town.

Reindeer bones make up more than half of all bone remains on the monument. Given the animal's body weight, we can say that the main food source of the town's population was deer meat. Hare, poultry, and fish meat was added to the diet. Hare and white partridge were mainly hunted in autumn and winter, during mass migrations of these species to the forest tundra. But judging by the relatively small number of their bones in the collection, we can say that the population did not experience an acute need for additional food sources, or the town was partially empty in winter. In summer, the inhabitants probably ate a lot of fish, supplemented by waterfowl and beaver meat.

Reindeer bones were used to make various products, 259 copies. they bear traces of processing. Most of the horns were treated, and the scapulae, metapodia, ribs, and diaphysis of the tubular bones are less common. Deer skins were used both for sewing clothes and shoes, and as a bed. Clothing pendants were also made from the talus bones, tusks, lower jaws of wolverine, fox, arctic fox, sable, and talus bones of beaver and hare.

On the monument there is a lot of evidence of various ritual activities. Judging by the relatively large number of remains of skulls with reindeer antlers, sacrificial rites were held in the town. They also used dogs, whose burials were found near the walls of the town buildings. This tradition, known from ethnographic sources, was common among the northern Khanty at the end of the XVI-XVIII centuries. [Perevalova, 2004, pp. 289-293]. The burials of birds such as the raven and eagle are also of a ritual nature. Similar finds are also known from other sites in the north of Western Siberia (Panteleev and Potapova, 2000; Nekrasov, 2003; Kardash, 2009, p. 349).

In the ritual practice, probably, the wolverine, wolf and bear, obtained in small quantities, were also used. The uniqueness of the bear bones can be explained by two reasons: first, the small number of the species in nature, since this is the northern edge of its range; second, the special attitude of the indigenous population of the north of Western Siberia to the bear. The latter has been repeatedly noted in the ethnographic literature (Golovnev, 1995; Medved..., 2000). As for the wolverine, it is known that its skin was widely used for finishing ritual clothing (Severo-Zapadnaya Sibir..., 2006, pp. 333-337). The presence of skulls of this animal with an open brain box, fragments of paws, as well as products made of talus bones and fangs of wolverine and wolf indicates their use in rituals.

Interestingly, there is a large collection of hare and arctic fox paws and skulls in building 1.Similar finds were noted by us during the excavations of the Nadym town. It is known that hare skins were sold without paws (Dunin-Gorkavich, 1995, pp. 160-164). Probably, the paws and skulls were kept for ritual purposes, to ensure successful fishing [Ivasko and Lobanova, 2003].

As a result of the analysis of the archeozoological collection, a reconstruction of the economic, household and ritual activities of the inhabitants of the Poluysky cape town of the XVI - first third of the XVIII century, which was the residence of the Obdorsky princes, was carried out. These data can serve as a comparative basis for studying and ethnically identifying such monuments in the region, as well as a source for further research on the problems of human adaptation to the conditions of the north.

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The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 27.02.14.

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