Bronze objects in a private collection (forked spearheads, celts, daggers, baton pommels) that were discovered during unauthorized excavations, probably at a Bronze Age burial ground in the vicinity of Omsk, are introduced into scientific circulation. Most of the published artifacts are unique products of the Seimin-Turbinsky type, which have a special scientific value. The findings indicate that the carriers of the Odin and Krotovo cultures, who settled in the Ob-Irtysh region during the early Bronze Age, had advanced metallurgical production and perfect weapons for their time. The work publishes photos and drawings, as well as detailed characteristics of things. Specify their analogs.

Keywords: Lower and Middle Priomye, Irtysh region, advanced Bronze age, Seimian-Turbian Bronzes, forked spearheads, Celts, daggers, pommels, bugrovschichestvo, legislation.

Introduction

In the late 17th and early 18th centuries, a wave of Bugrovism swept over Western Siberia. Specially equipped detachments of so-called gulyashniki looted mounds that were clearly visible on the surface, and the gold and silver items found were sold, exchanged for beer and vodka, handed over to cash registers and orders. They were condoned by the Siberian voivodes, who took part of the loot for themselves [Vadetskaya, 1981, p. 5]. The activities of the "gulyashniki" caused irreparable damage to domestic and world science: thousands of unique objects were destroyed, hundreds of archaeological complexes were violated, and invaluable scientific information was lost.

Peter I, who saw bugrovshchichestvo as a danger to the historical heritage, issued several decrees aimed at preserving antiquities and related scientific information. In an effort to stop the predatory looting of Siberian mounds, the tsar ordered " grave diggers who find golden stirrups and cups to be executed by death if they are caught "(Radlov, 1891, p. 24). This was the beginning of the fight against bugrovschism in Siberia.

And who would have thought that we would face this seemingly long-forgotten problem today, in the enlightened XXI century?! The modern bugrovschik is not a match for its distant predecessor. He is armed with modern search equipment and feels unpunished in the absence of proper legislation. "There is a new factor of destruction of the archaeological heritage, which has quickly come to the fore. These are predatory excavations aimed at obtaining ancient items for sale" [Makarov, 2004, p. 4]. Currently, specialists of the Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences have compiled a list of archaeological sites that are subject to looting by modern bugrovschiki. The map of the Russian Federation, on which

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territories covered by predatory excavations are identified [Engovatova and Zelentsova, 2004, pp. 15-43, Fig. 1]. Many regions of Siberia and the Far East, as well as the European part of the country, are already affected by this disease. The conclusion is obvious - we need to follow the example of the reformer tsar if we do not want to be left with a broken trough in the near future, because the damage caused by modern buglers cannot be estimated in any currency!

Today, archaeologists (and other professional researchers, such as art historians) are forced to turn to collectors (usually rich people who buy antiquities) to get access to materials discovered by mound builders. For various reasons, such as a sense of patriotism, collectors make contact with professional researchers. Abroad, archaeologists often turn to their owners to introduce unique objects stored in private collections into scientific circulation. For example, E. Bunker makes extensive use of objects from private collections in his works (see, for example, [Bunker, 1997]). Russian specialists, such as art historians involved in ecclesiastical metalplastics, also turn to materials (sometimes completely unique!) private collections in Bulgaria, Hungary, Holland, Germany, Poland, USA, Finland, France [Gnutova, Ruzsa, Zotova, 2005], Russia [Stanyukovich, Osipov, Soloviev, 2003].

Russian archaeologists studied the works of toreutics and jewelry of the Northern Black Sea region of the II century BC-II century AD, stored in private collections in the Donbass, Kiev and Moscow (Mordvintseva and Treister, 2007), mosaic panel III-VBB. FROM Syria, held in a private collection in Moscow [Koshelenko and Gaibov, 2007].

While we are not supporters of such a hobby, because it to a certain extent, if not justifies, then morally legalizes the criminal activities of both dealers and thieves, we nevertheless consider the current practice to be rather positive: unique items are introduced into scientific circulation in this way, although without accompanying scientific information; some of the information is preserved.-the hope that over time the items will end up in the museum's exposition or storage, or in a scientific laboratory. There are (so far, unfortunately, rarely) such cases.

Unexpectedly, we got the opportunity to get acquainted with the things that were extracted by "black archaeologists" and are in private possession. The Tobolsk collector, who wished to remain anonymous, being an enlightened and benevolent person, kindly provided us with the materials of the collection that he collected over the past years: unique bronze objects of the Seimin-Turbinsky appearance. The fate of this collection may be different, so we considered it our professional duty to prepare its scientific publication.

A set of bronze castings is only part of an extensive collection. To some extent, the items published in this work do not represent a special collection value for their owner, since his interests are connected with rarities of a much later time. But after buying the first two items, he began to buy other products offered by sellers, made in the same style, and made a small but unique collection in scientific terms.

We have no exact information about the location and conditions of detection of these objects, but we only know that they were found in the vicinity of Omsk. Analysis of the materials suggests that the finds are most likely from a Rostovka-type burial ground (Matyushchenko and Sinitsyna, 1988). The search for things was carried out, apparently, with the help of a metal detector. Individual stylistic features, at first glance, indicate that the artifacts belong to the same cultural and historical complex. Given that some items of the collection have no analogues, they are unique, it is easy to imagine what the scientific value of the ancient monument that was attacked by bugrovschikov is.

Description of items

Since the published items are private property and access to them is difficult for specialists, it is quite appropriate to provide a detailed description of them. The typology is based on the classification of E. N. Chernykh and S. V. Kuzmin [1989], which seems to be the most universal to date. The monograph by E. N. Chernykh and S. V. Kuzminykh presents an almost complete summary of the Seimin-Turbine bronzes of the territory of Eurasia. In search of analogues, we turned to her and other works that appeared earlier and in recent years.

Spearheads. In the collection under consideration, there are two bronze spearheads, which undoubtedly belong to the Seimin-Turbine bronzes*.

* During the preparation of the publication, we were able to obtain additional information, including photos of several bronze objects (some of them were very likely found in the Omsk region) that belong to the Seiminsko-Turbinsky type of products. Judging by the pictures, there are four more such tips. The fate of these items is not known. You can't even draw them,

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1. A bronze spear with a hook.

2. A bronze spear with a hook.

a - right side; b - left side.

Article 1 (Fig. 1, 2). Belongs to the category of CD-10 [Ibid., p. 67]. The total length of the tip is 38.3 cm; the sleeve length is 12.8 cm, the diameter is 3.3 cm at the entrance, at the base of the pen - 1.8 cm; the pen length is 25.5 cm; the maximum width is 8.5 cm.

The L-shaped hook, which is almost directly adjacent to the base of the pen, is located on the same side as the eye on the sleeve. The distance from the hook to the back of the pen near its attachment point to the sleeve is 0.1 cm, at the middle of the knee 0.3 cm and before the bend 0.4 cm. The base of the hook is at an angle of approximately 120° to the axis of the sleeve, parallel to the base of the pen. The hook has a bend of approx. 100°, i.e. it is bent almost at a right angle. The lower knee of the hook is 5.1 cm long, 2.3 cm wide in the middle part; the upper knee is 3.7 cm long, 2.0 cm wide. The end of the hook is rounded and is 5 cm away from the sleeve. In the section, the hook is triangular in shape, the point is turned towards the shaft.

At the base of the sleeve - two round holes with a diameter of approx. 0.5 cm, used to attach the tip to the spear shaft, and a semicircular eye (diameter on the outer edge up to 1.2 cm), located 3 cm from the mouth of the sleeve.

Four decorative rollers adorn the spearhead sleeve in the form of a corrugated belt that does not extend beyond the outer limits of the eye. Another element of the tip decoration-a series of isosceles shaded triangles with their vertices facing down-applied on both sides of the hook-distinguishes this sample from similar copies of this category.

Almost complete analogues of the described object are four tips from the Rostovka burial ground (they do not have an ornamental hook) [Matyushchenko and Sinitsyna, 1988, fig. 18, 2; 43, 7; 72, 7]. A similar shape, only with a narrow feather, was found on the Charysh River in the lowland Altai (Umansky and Demin, 1983, Fig. 1, p. 145). More distant analogs of bronze spearheads with a hook are found among the products found in China, but one of them, published by S. V. Kiselyov, is from-

not really describe it. We considered it possible to publish photos and drawings of these items based on them. This is important for two reasons: the arrowheads may sooner or later become the property of professionals and then turn out to be at least somehow geographically tied; in addition, their likely presence in the complex of finds from the Lower Priomye region makes the Lower-Middle Priomye and Irtysh region even more significant in terms of the volume of Seimino - Turbino bronzes found here.

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3. Bronze forked spears.

It dates back to the first millennium BC (1960, Fig. 8, 26). Consequently, its comparison with the Seimin-Turbine tips is incorrect (as noted by E. N. Chernykh [1970, p. 100]). Another tip was discovered relatively recently in Qinghai [Wagner, 2001, p. 55, Abb. 3] and assigned by one of the authors of the article and S. A. Komissarov to the Seimin-Turbinsky type products [Molodin and Komissarov, 2001]. This find does not have a forked feather, however, despite the incomplete forging of the tip, its length is 61.5 cm, so this tip is considered the largest. Another spearhead with a hook can be attributed to the analyzed collection by the presence of a triangular zigzag decoration on the spear hook (Fig. 3, 2). This feature is typical only for two tips. Thus, to the five listed tips with a hook, two more were added, while six products belong to the lower Omi region, which can hardly be qualified as an accident. Note that the upper Irtysh River is closest to the northwest of China.

Product 2 (Fig. 4, 5). It belongs to the category of CD-8 (it can also be attributed to the category of CD-18) [Chernykh and Kuzminykh, 1989, p. 65]. These are odnoushkovye vtulchaty tips, decorated at the bottom of the sleeve with a belt of four rollers. (Products of categories 18 and 8 differ-

4. Bronze forked spear.

5. Bronze forked spear.

a - right side; b - left side.

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7. Bronze spear.

Figure 8. Bronze Celt.

As the researchers point out, they are based on "ornamental design" [Ibid., p. 70], although no design is observed in the drawings given in the monograph.) The length of the product to be characterized is 31.6 cm, the maximum pen width is 7.8 cm, the pen length is 22.1 cm, and the sleeve length is 9.5 cm. The maximum diameter is 8.7 cm, at the base of the pen - 1.4 cm. On the sleeve on the opposite side from the eyelet, there are two through mounting holes: round at the base, slightly higher-oval.

The same category includes two items shown in Fig. 3, 1; 6. It is obvious that the tips of this category are typical samples of vtub-shaped spear tips of the Seiminsko-Turbinsky type. Such items are almost equally represented on monuments in the Kama region and Western Siberia [Ibid., pp. 65, 70].

Another bronze tip in the photo presented to us (Fig. 7) belongs to the category of CD-42 [Ibid., p. 89]. The products of this category, as well as the described tip, have a rounded pen rod with a longitudinal relief roller, a wide pen and a short sleeve. Three similar tips and one casting mold for their manufacture, found in the Rostovka burial ground (Matyushchenko and Sinitsyna, 1988, fig. 12, 1; 43, 2; 52, 5), E. N. Chernykh and S. V. Kuzminykh were assigned to the narrowly local type [1989, p. 89]. The validity of this conclusion is confirmed by the photo published here and a similar tip found on the Preobrazhenka-6 monument on the Srednyaya Omi River (Molodin et al., 2005, Fig. 2, 2].

The Celts. They are represented by two samples.

Article 1 (Fig. 8). Belongs to the category K-20 [Chernykh and Kuzminykh, 1989, p. 57]. Products of this category are characterized by a single side eye and a fairly standard ornamental scheme, which is typical (with some variations) for a significant group of Seimian-Turbian Celts. This sample is trapezoidal in shape, has a tetrahedral wedge-shaped blade with a length of 14 cm, an unselected sub-rectangular sleeve with rounded corners and edges along the cut line of 4.5 cm. The depth of the sleeve is 9.0 cm, the length along the narrow face is 2.6 cm, and the width is 3.5 cm.

The edge of the blade is 6.9 cm wide. The wide edges of the product are reinforced with sub-rectangular cross-section stiffeners up to 0.3 cm thick.

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Figure 9. Bronze Celt.

a - right side; b - left side.

casting joints 0.2 cm wide and 0.1 cm high. A rounded eyelet with an outer edge diameter of 1.2 cm and a thickness of 0.3 cm with a neat rounded hole (inner diameter of 0.26 and 0.33 cm) is located 0.8-0.9 cm from the mouth of the sleeve. Opposite the ear on both sides, the product is decorated with an ornamental belt - two parallel lines, between which isosceles and equilateral triangles are depicted, filled with three parallel lines. From the belt towards the blade descend larger triangles-festoons, shaded according to the above principle, but with a large number (four to five) strokes. The lines are directed in different directions. On one side of the celt, a chain of five lozenges descends from the central festoon, of which the lower one is underformed. Rhombuses are covered with a grid pattern.

Product 2 (Fig. 9). Similar to the previous one. It belongs to the K-20 category. Compared to item 1, this celt is more massive. Its sleeve smoothly expands from the ornamental belt in the abalone zone to the mouth. The product length is 15.3 cm, the blade width is 8.0 cm, the longitudinal section of the sleeve is 5.0 cm, the cross section is 4.0 cm. An eye with a neat round hole with a diameter of 2 cm. The ornamental belt under the ear is narrower than that of the previous Celt; the ornamental schemes are generally the same, but differ in the details of construction, which does not allow us to identify these products. The ornamental belt on one side of the celt is decorated with parallel, vertically placed sticks that form a horizontal "ladder" - an ornamental element most characteristic of the Seimin-Turbin Celts [Ibid., 1989, p. 46]. On the other side of the gun is a belt of dangling hatched triangles, under which larger isosceles triangles (also hatched) are depicted; the composition is typical of the Seimin-Turbine products. On the same side, the Celt's torso is decorated with an additional chain of three hatched lozenges.

Four more Celts are known from a fairly high-quality photo, which was used to draw products in full size (at least on one side). Two of the four subjects are classified as K-20. Despite the paucity of information on these products (the lack of images of the subject from the second side, as well as in the section), we considered it necessary to include them in this summary. One of the four Celts, whose length is 14 cm, the width of the sleeve is 4.4 cm, and the slightly oval blade is 6.4 cm, has dedicated stiffeners. The celt is single-eared (Fig. 10). The eye with a neat segmented hole 1.3 cm wide protrudes 0.8 cm beyond the Celt's body. At the level of the ear, the product is decorated with ornaments.-

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10. Bronze Celt.

Figure 11. Bronze Celt.

tal belt in the form of a horizontal "ladder". The second celt, its length is 11 cm, the width of the sleeve is 4.3 cm, the blade is 6.5 cm, also has dedicated stiffeners. The celt is single-eared (Fig. 11). The eye is sub-rectangular in shape, with a small (maximum diameter 0.3 cm) oval hole, protruding 0.5 cm beyond the Celt's body. The product is decorated with two large isosceles triangles, which are filled with strokes oriented in different directions. In the center of the body on more than half of the product - three parallel zigzag lines descending from one of the triangles.

So, all the above-mentioned Celts have analogues primarily in materials from the Irtysh basin [Ibid., p. 57], including four items from the Rostovka burial ground [Matyushchenko and Sinitsyna, 1988, Fig. 18, 1; 32, 2; 38, 1; 43, 3]. Only one analog From the territory of the Komi Republic (Zarni-Yag tract) [Chernykh and Kuzminykh, 1989, fig. 18, 5]. Two bronze celts from Shaitan Lake-1 in the Urals are very similar in shape to K-20 items [Serikov et al., 2008, Fig. 1, 1, 2], they are they have "false" ears, which, according to the researchers of the monument, indicates that they belong to the Celts of the Kizhirov type [Serikov et al., 2009, p. 76]. The latter feature was noted in a fundamental study by E. N. Chernykh and S. V. Kuzminykh [1989, p. 147]. However, these items, in our opinion, would be more correctly attributed to the transitional types, since in other ways, for example, according to the ornamental scheme, they correspond more closely to the Seimino-Turbino culture than to the Kizhirov culture. In principle, the same can be said about the ornamental strip in the upper part of the product, where instead of the horizontal "ladder" typical of the Seimian-Turbian Celts, we see a belt of hatched triangles (see Fig. 8), and on one sample - a combination of these elements (see Figure 9).

We have photos of two other Celts. One belongs to the category K-6 [Ibid., p. 39], and is characterized by a modest ornament: two horizontal rollers along the corolla (on other products of this category, as a rule, three or four rollers). The product length is 11.0 cm, the sleeve width is 4.4 cm, and the blade width is 5.7 cm (Fig. 12). Celts of category 6 are the most numerous group among the Seimian-Turbian tools of the category under consideration [Ibid.]. They are localized in the Kama region and dominate the Turbinsky burial ground (Bader, 1964). On the territory of Siberia, a Celt of this category is almost the first find.

The other Celt belongs to the category K-18 (Fig. 13) (Chernykh and Kuzminykh, 1989, pp. 46, 49). Its length is 11.1 cm, the width of the sleeve is 4.1 cm, the blade is 5.9 cm. The tool is decorated with a belt of two relief rollers, which are joined by two isosceles triangles oriented at an acute angle downwards, with a vertical chain of three rhombuses between them (in one the strokes form a grid, in two they are arranged in parallel). The absence of a horizontal "ladder" in the upper part of the celt-an ornamental feature typical of this category-brings the described specimen closer to the foundry mold and, to some extent, to the bronze celt from the burial of a foundry worker at the Sopka-2 burial ground in the middle reaches of the Omi River (Molodin, 1983), as well as to a random find from the former Kazan Chernykh and Kuzminykh, 1989, fig. 16, 4].

12. Bronze Celt.

13. Bronze Celt.

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In general, K-18 Celts are represented in almost the entire area of the Seimin-Turbine bronzes, from the Yenisei to the Kama region [ibid., Fig. 11].

The dagger (Fig. 14-16). It belongs to the category of QL-10 [Ibid., p. 117]. The dagger is single-edged, curved-obushkovy. It belongs to a small number of unique items with a sculptural pommel on the handle. The top is a sculptural image of two horses. The total length of the gun is 36.6 cm, the length of the handle without the pommel is 7.7, the width of the blade is 2.6, the pommel is 2.2, the thickness of the blade in the middle is 0.2, the width of the rim at the upper bend point is 0.8, the thickness of the handle in the middle is 0.6, the blade is 0.6 - 0.8, the pommel is 1.0 cm.

The sample differs from its own kind not only by its peculiar composition in the form of two horses standing side by side, but also by a spectacular zigzag strip of ornament consisting of wavy lines smoothed out at the bends, on the edge of the blade; this strip is emphasized by a jagged-combed line repeating the curve of the blade.

The figures of two horses cast on a wax model are executed elegantly and realistically. Small details are clearly highlighted: ears, eyes, arched cropped manes, pectoral muscles and lush tails, reins of a bridle or two hitching posts. The ribbed ornament in the form of triangles, directed with the top up, creates the illusion of vegetation cover on which horses stand.

The originality of this dagger is determined by the design of the handle, which at the base of the pommel has a recess, as if cutting the handle into two parts (to a depth of 2.7 cm). Each piece is crowned with a horse figure. High pommel (minimum height 3.3 cm, maximum 5.3 cm, total arm length-

14. Bronze single-edged dagger.

a - right side; b - left side.

15. A bronze single-edged dagger with an enlarged pommel next to it.

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16. Handle of a bronze single-edged dagger.

yati with a pommel of 11.0 cm), distant from each other by 0.8 cm figures of horses, as if merged into one whole, relief ornament not only on the handle, but also on the blade make it a real work of decorative and applied art. A powerful blade decorated with an original pattern; a small, elegant and seemingly double handle, decorated in the lower part with six horizontal relief rollers, and in the upper part with a relief chain of six unshaded rhombuses, which on one side are located between two convex jagged strips of three-dimensional triangles, and on the other-between two straight rollers and such the same stripes; original pommel-these features make the characterized object unique; today it has no analogues.

E. N. Chernykh and S. V. Kuzminykh emphasize that products of this category are "the most prominent representatives of the Seimin-Turbinsky weapons" [Ibid., p. 122], although this series is very small. To the six unconditional daggers (there are two more conditional fragments) analyzed in the above-mentioned monograph, in the late 1980s only a fragment of the handle of a product from the Altai Mountains was added [Kireev and Kudryavtsev, 1988, p. 166]. Thus, taking into account the published find, there are only eight of them, of which five were found in Western Siberia. Only daggers from the Altai Mountains and Plains are similar (see [Kiryushin, 1985, Fig. II; Kireev and Kudryavtsev, 1988, p. 166]), the rest, despite the proximity of the form, have individual characteristics. If we compare the pommels of daggers of this category, then the product from the Seyminsky burial ground is closest to the one analyzed: its pommel also shows two horses located one behind the other [Bader, 1970, p. 76; 1971, Fig. 44]. It should be noted that the published article is somewhat similar to the dagger from Rostovka (Matyushchenko, 1970, Figs. 33, 34), which is probably the closest geographically to the find, with a very similar horse shown on the pommel.

In general, if we refer to the canons of horse images, it should be noted that the pommels of daggers of the Seimin-Turbinsky period of the category under consideration, double-edged daggers of the same era [Kiryushin, Shulga, Grushin, 2006, Fig. 1, 1; Samashev, Zhumabekova, 1993], objects of small plastics [Glushkov, 1984, Fig. 2], stone rods of this cultural and historical formation found in Western Siberia (Moshinskaya, 1952; Slavnin, 1949; Chernikov, 1960) are made in accordance with the pictorial tradition: animals are depicted with a massive "heavy" head and a high, probably specially trimmed mane. The latter even allows us to talk about the" hairstyle " of an animal (Kovtun, 2008). As I. V. Kovtun rightly notes, " under this iconographic standard (hypertrophy of the head and / or neck and mane. - Ed.) any depicted object was stylized, be it a ram, a horse, or a person" [2006, p. 67]. The reflection of these canons can probably be considered not only chronological, but also semantic features. It is precisely these visual features that have become the criterion for distinguishing the Seimin-Turbino pictorial tradition, including on petroglyphs (Pyatkin and Miklashevich, 1990, Fig. 1).

A dagger with a double-edged blade (fig. 17). A massive piece, probably made by simultaneously casting the blade and handle in a double-leaf mold. The handle is straight, slightly extending to the blade, and is topped with a ring-shaped pommel. There is no crosshair. The blade is wider than the handle, and is located in the upper part almost at right angles to the latter. The blade gradually expands to the point, at the level of about two-thirds of the blade sharply narrows. The pommel of the handle is round in shape, with a small hole in the center. Along the contour of the hole there are protrusions in the form of rollers. The handle is ribbed, decorated on each side with five longitudinal smooth rollers, between which a ribbed pattern in the form of horizontally located notches is applied along the entire length of the handle. The blade is decorated with two lobes on each side and a stiffener in the middle. The valleys are decorated with chains of rhombuses inscribed in each other, and the outer contour of the ornamental zone is decorated with a chain of relief miniature triangles. Product length 31.6 cm, blade-21.75 cm, blade diameter-

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17. Bronze double-edged dagger.

a - right side; b - left side.

the width of the blade is 2.75, the holes in it are 0.5, the length of the handle is 7.1, the minimum width of the blade is 4.5, the maximum width is 5.8, the minimum width of the handle is 2.3, the maximum is 3.0, the maximum thickness of the blade is 0.7, the handle is 0.37 cm. Full analogs of the dagger are not known to us. The product belongs to the group of daggers discovered by one of the authors in situ in the burials of the Krotovo culture at the Sopka-2 burial ground (Molodin, 1993). A list of similar analogues of such products from the territories of Siberia, Central Asia and Kazakhstan, as well as Georgia and Afghanistan is published [Ibid., Fig. 8]. To date, four daggers have been added to these items from the Pavlodar Irtysh region [Grushin et al., 2006, Fig. 4], the Altai Territory [Kiryushin, Shulga, Grushin, 2006, Fig. 1, 1], East Kazakhstan [Samashev, Zhumabekova, 1993], and the Kulunda steppe [Catalog..., 2009, p. 67]. However, all these objects, as well as the dagger described in this paper, were out of the archaeological context before they fell into the hands of scientists. Therefore, the reference points for determining their relative date and cultural affiliation to some extent (although, apparently, they correspond to several cultures of the Seimin-Turbinsky circle in the south of Western Siberia, Kazakhstan, and Central Asia) are still three daggers from the burials at the Sopka burial ground-2. We focus on this only because the authors of some articles and monographs, even referring to the specified article with a list of analogues, offer a completely different interpretation of such products*. The attribution of such daggers to the "post-Seimian" stage in the development of the Seimian - Turbian phenomenon, as well as its proposed date (the second half of the second-first quarter of the first millennium BC), do not seem to be correct (Grushin, 2008, p. 394, Fig.1, 28).

The complexes of the Krotovo culture available to us suggest that these objects existed in the forest-steppe zone of the southern part of Western Siberia (as well as in the territories of Kazakhstan and Central Asia) before the arrival of the Andronovites (Fedorovites), more precisely, before the time of the latter's indirect influence on the aborigines, which manifested itself only in the late Krotovo period, when the Seimin-Turbinsky metal on srubno-Andronovsky street. Significant series of calibrated radiocarbon dates that have recently appeared, in the words of E. N. Chernykh, "rather ruthlessly break up our previous ideas about the calendar position of the main Eastern European steppe communities" [2008, p. 45]. The accumulation of data is also likely to lead to changes in calendar positions and Asian communities. Aging of the Andronovo (Fedorovskaya) culture [Ibid., p. 48, Fig. 10; Molodin et al., 2008] will inevitably push back the previous suite of cultures, including the Odin, Elunin, and Krotovian classical ones, to the second half of the third and early second millennia BC, and the Late Krotovian one, apparently, to the beginning of the second millennia BC, the first quarter of it. Note that by the third-middle of the second millennium BC. very close

* The authors of the monograph "Altai in the system of Eneolithic and Bronze Age metallurgical provinces", published in 2009, first assign daggers of this category to the Late Bronze Age (Figs. 18, 7, 2; pp. 107, 108), and then to the Seimin-Turbine complexes (Tables I, 28).

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published in the form of a dagger from Georgia [Kuftin, 1949, p. 72, Table X, 1] and a similar one from Afghanistan [Sarianidi, 1977, p. 77].

However, let's return to the dagger being analyzed. Its peculiarity is obvious: in the central part, the blade is decorated with two ornamented lobes and a protruding edge between them. The shape of the blade of this product, which does not have a guard, resembles modern Caucasian daggers Kama [Edged weapons..., 2006, p. 106, 107, etc.]. The ring-shaped pommel on the handle probably indicates a transformation of the Seimino-Turbino tradition: the finials in the form of animal figures (first of all, images of horses characteristic of the epoch) were replaced by ring-shaped finials, as on a dagger from the late Krotovo burial site at the Sopka-2 burial ground (Molodin, 1985, p. 62, Fig. 29, 1]. At the same time, the ornamentation of the blade is comparable to the previous single-edged dagger (see Fig. 15); perhaps both were manufactured in the same center. From the above list of analogues (including those noted by V. I. Molodin [1993]), the dagger from Shemonaihi (East Kazakhstan)is probably the closest to this sample [Samashev, Zhumabekova, 1993] (published in the recently released album [Samashev, Ermolaeva, Kushch, 2008 p. 55]). They have in common both the massiveness and the typical angle of almost 90° between the handle and the blade, the stiffening edge in the center of the blade, as well as the slight expansion of the blade closer to the tip. The presence of a ring-shaped finial suggests that the dagger under analysis is somewhat younger than the classical finds of the Seimin-Turbinsky type (including those from the collection under consideration).

Pommel of a wand (staff?) 18, 19). An original product that has no analogues. It is made in the form of a realistic horse's head on a curved hollow sleeve. On the head and neck - a stylized sleeve - a stylized mane. The sleeve, which is crowned with the image of a horse's head with a luxurious mane, copies the nozzle of Seimin-Turbine spears in shape, which can be considered a strong argument when referring the object in question to products of the Seimin-Turbine type. The base of the sleeve is decorated with three relief-made belts-rollers, also typical for the decoration of the sleeves of spears. On the sleeve under the ornamental belt, probably once there was also an eye, lost to the present time.

The horse's head is rendered masterfully: it is voluminous, realistic, the proportions of the eyes, nostrils, and mouth are observed. Skilfully shown alert, slightly turned to the sides of the ears. The master carefully worked out the auricles, brilliantly conveyed the relief on the animal's head, in particular, the zygomatic one. At the same time, the mane is depicted stylized - in the form of a massive segment with two chains of slotted triangles.-

18. Bronze pommel.
a - right side; b - left side.

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19. Bronze pommel.
points that face each other and form a zigzag*. This combination of realism and stylization in one work, of course, is not accidental. Above, we have already noted the stylistic feature of the Seimin-Turbine images of horses - a slightly weighted head and a mane trimmed or with a "hairstyle".

Given that it is not possible to see this wonderful object, we consider it necessary to give its parameters. The height of the pommel from the edge of the sleeve to the tip of the ear is 15.75 cm, the depth of the sleeve is 8.5, the diameter of the mouth of the sleeve along the outer edge is 2.3, the diameter of the broken ear is 0.9, the maximum height of the mane is 1.6, the thickness of the sleeve- "neck" at the head vertically is 1.7, horizontally-1.0, the diameter of the sleeve- "neck" at the lower end mane 2.0; mane width in the middle part 0.47, head length 4.8, width near the ears-1.44, maximum head height 2.1, length of the right ear 1.7, left-1.6, depth of the auricle 0.1, eye length 0.4, width-0.2 cm.

A few words should be said about the likely semantic load of the subject being characterized. As we have already noted, the carriers of the West Siberian cultures of the early - developed Bronze Age (Odin, Elunin, Krotovo) had stone and bone wands. Now it is obvious that there were also bronze wands. All of them convey images of horses, birds, and reptiles [Molodin and Chemyakina, 2010, p. 12]. The dominant character is the horse. The image of the horse is usually embodied in stone (the pommel of bronze was added to it). This allowed researchers, in particular Yu. F. Kiryushin, to raise the question of the formation of the horse cult during the Advanced Bronze Age in the steppe and forest-steppe Ob-Irtysh region [1987; Kiryushin and Grushin, 2009]. The special role of the horse in the life of the steppe population of the Bronze Age can also be traced in the monuments of Europe: here wands crowned with a stone horse's head were typical [Golovnev, 2009, p. 165]. The horse symbol occupies an important place in many mythological systems of the peoples of Eurasia (Ivanov, 1980, p. 666) in the period under consideration. The analyzed object is probably evidence of the emerging chiefdom system: the symbols of the leader-rider were wands with a pommel in the form of a horse's head (Golovnev, 2009, p. 162). It is possible that in these symbols the cult of the horse as a totem animal was manifested. The symbol of the horse cult, which appeared in the Bronze Age and was fixed in the form of the top of a rod or staff, was embodied in the cultures of the transition period from bronze to iron (Trufanov, 1983), as well as in the early Iron age of Eurasia (Patrushev and Khalikov, 1982, Tables 129, 7; 1a).

Conclusion

Published findings (at least a significant part of them) they are unique products of the Seimin-Turbinsky type, previously unknown and therefore particularly significant. Due to the introduction of this collection into scientific circulation, the number of bronze objects of the Seimin-Turbinsky appearance (both the objects themselves and the molds for their production) from the lower and middle reaches of the Omi River, in particular, from the Preobrazhenka-6 and Tartas-1 burial grounds significantly increases [Molodin et al., 2004, Fig. 1, 2; Molodin et al., 2005, fig. 2; 23; Molodin and Chemyakina, 2009, pp. 619-621; Molodin, Mylnikova, Novikova et al., 2009, Fig. 1, 3]. This is a witness-

* In the photos, one triangle on the mane does not show a gap, because it is very corroded.

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This indicates that the carriers of the Odin and Krotov cultures, who lived in the early - developed Bronze Age in the Ob-Irtysh forest-steppe, had a powerful industry and the most modern weapons for their era. In addition, they had a pronounced horse cult, which is characteristic of the population of the lowland Altai (Kiryushin, 1987) and, apparently, of the Euro-Asian steppes and forest steppes in general (Golovnev, 2009, p.162, 165; Molodin and Chemyakina, 2010, p. 12).

It is a pity that the analyzed collection is in private hands and is unlikely (at least in the near future) to be available for further study. Moreover, the unique monument (or monuments?) from which the items originate has suffered significant, and possibly irreparable, damage. We can only hope for the appearance of laws prohibiting treasure hunting and regulating the sale and use of metal detectors, and the creation of a legal framework for regulating the turnover of historical and cultural values in the country. Only in this way can we put an end to the so - called black archeology-bugrovschism of the XXI century.

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The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 07.05.10.

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