Baron R. F. von Ungern-Sternberg (1885-1921) played a key role in the liberation of Mongolia from Chinese invaders and the restoration of its statehood. It is often assumed that Ungern acted in favor of Japan in Siberia and Mongolia [Shanghaiskaya Zhizn, No. 408, 03.03.1921; Choibalsan, 1961, p.329]. Such estimates from old reports to the Soviet Government [AVPRF, f. 04, op. 29, p. 192, d. 234; f. 0111, op. 2, p. 104, d. 34] were widely used for propaganda [Defeat of the Japanese intervention..., 1940, p.159]. In the verdict of the Revolutionary Tribunal, Ungern was charged with activities "for the benefit of Japan's aggressive plans, and the basis for carrying out these plans of Japan in the future would be the Central Asian State created by Ungern" [Sovetskaya Sibir, N 202, 20.09.1921, pp. 2-4]. The baron himself denied this [RGVA, f. 16, op. 3, d. 222, l. 123-125; GARF, f. 9427, op. 1, d. 392, l. 47-60], and there is no evidence in the surviving case materials [Baron Ungern..., 2004, p. 198 - 263]. Later the Bolshevik G. E. Reichberg said: "Although we do not have enough documents, we know that Ungern and Semyonov had a single plan for 1921 against Soviet Russia... there are no large documents, but there are instructions " [RGASPI, f. 71, op. 33, d. 2207, L. Yuob.].

Archival materials have shown that Ungern was not a puppet of the Japanese, and such accusations are the result of Soviet propaganda, which explained the protracted nature of the civil war with the help of the imperialist powers of the counter-revolution [Damdinsuren, 2001; Belov, 2003]. This point of view is increasingly supported [Baron Ungern..., 2004; Batsaikhan, 2005, 2006; Tachibana, 2006; Yang, 2006], but has not yet become generally accepted. It is emphasized that it is necessary to study Japanese archives with materials of interrogations of Japanese who served in the Baron's Asian Division [Graivoronsky, 2004, pp. 181-184].

We have reviewed materials from all available sources. The most complete of them are in the Russian archives (RGVA, RGVIA, AVPRF) and the American archives (Hoover). F. Isono [1974, p. 131-132] noted that the archive of the Japanese Foreign Ministry contains a list of Japanese who served under R. F. Ungern, and in another publication [Toy..., 1936] lists those who served under R. F. Ungern. of those who died in this service. Details have not yet been published. Japan (ARSS) has a large selection of materials about the Ungern epic - 331 pages. The text is handwritten, the font is pre-reform, and sometimes difficult to read. These are materials of interrogations of Japanese people who served under the baron, analytical reviews, official correspondence, agent reports, messages from telegraph agencies, press reprints, etc. There are also more recent materials. Especially interesting is the information about Ungern and his army. Data that is not relevant to the topic or known from other publications are omitted in this translation (their summary is shown in angle brackets). Inventory names and sheet numbers should be placed in front of the text, and details should be placed in square brackets.

The following materials indicate that Ungern acted independently, and not according to the plans of Japan, did not receive help from it either in Mongolia or in the campaign to Siberia, and the Japanese who served with him were simple mercenaries.

list of literature

Adzia renisi siryo senta (ARSS).

Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation (AWPRF). Baron Ungern in documents and memoirs. Comp. by S. L. Kuzmin, Moscow: KMK, 2004.

Batsaikhan O. Mongol undesny buren erht uls boloh zamd (1911-1921) (Mongolia on the way to becoming a national sovereign state (1911-1921)). Улаанбаатар, 2005.

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Батсайхан О. Барон Унгерн - Монгол улсын баатар болох нь (Барон Унгерн - герой Монголии) // http://www.tsahimurtuu.mn/main/20070411577.htm, 2006

Grayvoronsky V. [Ed. Belov E. A. Baron Ungern von Sternberg, Moscow, Agraf Publ., 2003, 240 p. / / Problems of the Far East. N 4, 2004.

Damdinsuren S. R. F. Ungerniy Mongol dakh ajillagaa (Activity of Ungern in Mongolia). Ch. 1,2/ / Olon uls sudlal. Vol. 2, N 56, Ulaanbaatar, 2001.

Iso F. Mongoru kakumei. Tokyo, 1974.

Defeat of the Japanese intervention in the Far East (1918-1922). Edited by B. Rubtsov, Moscow: Gosizdat Publ., 1940.

Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History (RGASPI)

Russian State Military Archive (RGVA)

Soviet Siberia. Novonikolaevsk, 1921.

Тачибана М. Хоёр засгийн газартай 1921 оны Монгол (Двоевластие в Монголии в 1921 г.). Улаанбаатар: Битпресс, 2006.

Toya senkaku shishi kiden (Chronicle of the campaign to the East). Tokyo, 1936.

Shanghai life. Shanghai, 1921.

Yang S. A Study of Ungern-Sternberg's Activities in Outer Mongolia (1920 - 1921) // http://www.cetd.com.tw/ec/thesisDetail.aspx?etdun=U0002 - 1706200611245400&key=Ungern&p1=0&p20=l&p21=0&p22=0&p23=0&p3=%e5%85%a8%e 9%83%a8&p40=0&p41=0&p5=%e4%b8%8d%e9%99%90&p6=15&position=2&kind=searchre sult&cl=&c2=&c3=&nl=&n2=&n3=&frombrowse=, 2006.

MATERIALS ABOUT R. F. UNGERN IN ADZIYA RENISHI SHIROYO SENTA-JAPAN CENTER FOR ASIAN HISTORICAL RECORDS*

Big Diary for 1921 1

L. 0818-0822. Ungern's letter to Major Yerita May 17, 1921 Dear Major Yerita, you sent me a letter-thank you very much, I haven't forgotten. Your plans are very interesting, so I wrote another letter about Order No. 15 2. I left Khure 3 with the army and went to Kyakhta. The base will be located on the Epo River. If you are traveling in Mongolia and want to work with classified information, I will tell my Japanese subordinate, Mr. Wakabayashi. Now he works in a trade in Khure. He's a useful person. There are several Japanese soldiers in my military unit. They will serve. But a few people can't serve because of injuries, but they sell goods in Mongolia. If you send Russian people, especially through Yeristoy, please say so. I refuse people I don't know.

L. 0823-0824. Letter from Baron Ungern (Chita)4. I received information via wireless radio that radical elements are spreading the scandal. From radio reports, I know for sure that the Japanese Army and the Red Army have come into conflict. Akebono can tell exactly from Zhigute's radio information where from Omsk to (...)5 there are bases of the Red Army and how many soldiers there are, and then you will call me through Zhigute. The time when you call me will be transmitted on the Chita radio after the evening information ends. The Japanese army will fight the Red Army, so if you want information about how many Red Army units are located and where, I will send it via Zhigute. Please see this contact on a different paper. But please inform Ataman Semyonov personally about this work, because there is a radical person and a foreigner in his headquarters - they are bribed. General Baron Ungern.

* Translated into Russian by K. N. Konami, notes of the authors of the publication.

1 hereafter the years A.D. are given. In the original - according to the Japanese chronology (the years of the reign of Emperor Taisho: 1st year-1912, 2nd-1913, 10th-1921, 11th-1922, 12th-1923, etc.).

2 The well-known order of Ungern to attack Siberia.

3 Another name for Urga (now Ulaanbaatar).

4 The letter was written no later than the spring of 1921.

Item 5 is unclear.

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L. 0825-0845. (Ungern's Order No. 15 of May 11, , Translated into Japanese up to and including item 18)

L. 0846-0896. Japanese security service in Manchuria. Report on the situation from May 1 to May 11, 1921No. 122: On the situation of the inhabitants. On the situation of the Russian side. About anti-communism. Semyonov's group. About antisocialism. Position in Chita. About barbarians [bad foreigners]. About refugees. The situation of the Japanese. The situation of China and its attitude towards Russia. China's attitude to Japan. The Chinese Army. The Russian army, which is located in China. The plague. Human resources management. (...) We've heard about the Baron's army for a long time. Eventually, he arrived in Khure. People are afraid that the Chinese army will come. Ungern killed Jews in Khure ( ... ). The Russian army is in Manchuria. The Japanese army is monitoring the baron group, and we will help them. Baron Ungern goes north, goes to Troitskosavsk, in the same place - Kazagrandi, Kazantsev, in Uriankhai - Kaigorodov. (About the relations between the Russians and the Chinese in Manchuria, in detail about the situation on the Amur, about Yakimov's detachment, etc.)

Reel 1 - 1305

l. 0429-0443 [Separate volume]: Information about Baron Ungern's army and how he captured Khure. May 1921 Report No. 163 of the Japanese Army to the Japanese Foreign Ministry. Agalkovsky, Yokohama, Yamate-cho, 22, wanted to make purchases for Wrangel from the Osaka-Sumitomo firm, but he has a suspicion, so we need to check. Semenov, in alliance with the Chinese, wants to enter Mongolia, because the Reds will go there and we must defend ourselves against them. Semyonov sent a telegram to the Reds to clear out.

On February 2, the enemy attacked Khure from three sides, and on February 10 captured it. This was conveyed by Mr. Uchida from Consul Obata in Beijing. There is no information from foreigners living in Khure (N 140 from Obata in Beijing). On February 11, Zhang Zuolin sent a telegram: they sent cars from Jilin 6, they walked 300 versts and went back. Then a mounted group was sent from Jilin to rescue Khure, but at the end of the next month, it was not known where she was. On February 12, the meeting concluded that this was very bad information. Two armies were sent [to Khure]: one from Zhang Zuolin, the other from the Amur River (General Song). There was only one Japanese official in Hure , Mr. Hayashi. On February 16, we learned that General Zhang was to blame. We decided that [the Japanese army] should capture Hure and Chinese territory. But the Japanese army says it's not easy. Now the Chinese state is in great fear, carefully figuring out how many soldiers it needs to gather. The Japanese army should attack Shanghai, together with Semenov-along the Amur Siberia. Russian people are scarier than Chinese people. Several Japanese will be working with Baron Ungern's squad. Semenov and the Japanese army need to dispel the misconception about each other. There is nothing between us, says Consul Obata 7. We need to check out the fate of foreigners in Khure, especially regarding the brutality of the Russians. We need to check whether Japanese soldiers beat the Russians or the Russians beat the Chinese. Sakurajima, the consul general in Hure, wrote that several dozen Japanese soldiers from Semyonov's army crossed over to Ungern when we were fighting alongside the Russian army - we should think about that. Seiichi Chikano of Kobe reports many letters to the Japanese, but whether they have reached them is unknown. He sent a letter to Uchida to find out if Ungern had really been shot and where his body was. We need to check the information and send it. How did Chicano know about this? Copy of the article in Osaka Asahi dated May 8, 1921: Ungern's division has about 2,000 soldiers, including approximately 37 Japanese, who used Semyonov's weapons, including 38 cannons, machine guns, etc.

l. 0444-0445. Report by Koutarou Hatakeyama. Recorded Funazu in Tianjin on May 21, 1922. With his comrades (about 50 people), he was in the baron's army. They attacked Hure together. But Hatakeyama and several Japanese soldiers were captured by the Chinese. The latter wanted to bring them to the command of the Chinese army, but on the way they were shot

6 Southern Manchuria.

7 That is, Semenov and the Japanese Army have a bad opinion of each other.

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Otsuno Hara. In the end, only Hatakeyama returned. Petition of Chikano Seihachi. All this is published in an article in the newspaper "Osaka Asahi".

Reel 1 - 1305

l. 444-445. Mr. Funazu about the Japanese soldiers who were in the baronial army and the capture of Chora. Koutarou Hatakeyama and about 50 soldiers of the baronial army went on the attack, the Chinese troops captured Hatakeyama and several Japanese soldiers. They shot Haru, and only Hatakeyama got out 8.

l. 446-448. Testimony of Mr. Yoshida. A letter published in the Osaka Asahi newspaper. Chikano Seihachi on the need to find the Baron. On May 14, 1921, Hajime Matsushita wrote to Mr. Uchida about the problem of the Japanese leaving Hure. Doctor Toyozo Yoshida says that he and his wife, Mr. Nakao and Mr. Hirashima and his wife left for Beijing from Hure on February 1. And there he heard that this year, on February 1, Ungern's army started attacking Khure. But Yoshida's doctor said, " Let's make a truce." However, there were no cars running, so he couldn't meet him. And on February 3, Ungern's army captured Khure, and many people were killed and robbed. Yoshida saw many wounded Chinese soldiers. He treated them at home. Yoshida and the Chinese soldiers were under siege, firing back. Yoshida went to a Chinese friend, and all his personal belongings were seized by the baron's army. Then the Chinese company told Yoshida to ask the baron for a truce. This time, Yoshida was able to meet with the baron, and they agreed. Subsequently, none of the Japanese were killed, but one of the Koreans was killed - it was a radical person9. Why did the Chinese army lose? She had no coordination of plans, few shells. The Chinese army, which was in the north, fought the radical army, but in the end, they lost because they didn't compromise. Japanese soldiers served well. Therefore, Ungern paid them, but only half of their salary, which was due to them in the amount of 6 million yen. Ungern tried to use this money to hire soldiers from abroad from the radical army 10. Ungern's army was also short of shells. Therefore, Mr. Yoshida's men promised to deliver shells to Ungern on April 3. Then Yoshida's men got a pass and left. Yoshida thinks that Ungern was in touch with Zhang Zuolin, and he fantasizes that the baron's army will go to Manchuria because Zhang Zuolin considers it his territory. When the Chinese army was leaving, Ungern set fire to all the flour that was near Khure. Therefore, there were not enough products in Khure, so he used all the other products. Therefore, in October we will import products to Khure from China. At first, there were 51 Japanese soldiers who serve in the Ungern army, including 3 Koreans (Japanese applicants). Many of them died, now there are about 30 people left. Hatakeyama was captured by the Chinese army. Yoshida thinks that he is no longer alive because the Chinese army has lost. The Japanese have a mess there. He and the baronial army are looting food and property in Chinese homes. So the Chinese merchants are angry. Yoshida tried to tell them not to do that, but they didn't react. Yoshida sensed great danger. This is written by him on several pages 11.

L. 449. June 2. Shinichiro Funatsu's testimony to Mr. Uchida about the Japanese who serve in the baronial army. Protocol 1. 2 May 1 Hatakeyama shot - is this true or not true? This is true, but there is no information whether he died or not. I checked twice about Hatakeyama, according to the first protocol, he died, according to the second-he did not die. It turned out that the first protocol is true. But there is no information from the Chinese army. They say that a Russian soldier was shot instead, but we don't know if this is true or not. We wanted to date

8 A. S. Makeev wrote in his memoirs that Hatakeyama, along with Likhachev, was sent to Usu to negotiate with the Chinese and returned (Makeev A. S. God of War-Baron Ungern. Shanghai: A. P. Malyk and V. P. Kamkin Book Publishing House, 1934). This contradicts Hatakeyama's own testimony (see below).

9 Details of the murder of Korean doctor Lee by executioners L. V. Sipailo are reported by A. S. Makeev (1934). After the murder, Sipailo announced that the Korean was a Communist.

10 This may be an attempt to recruit Red Army soldiers.

11 This document is not the original, but a summary of Yoshida's testimony.

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with a Chinese general, but we didn't have time. Protocol 2. It is not known who shot Mr. Hara, but Mr. Hatakeyama is still alive. The soldier who was shot is said to be Russian, but no one knows for sure.

L. 450. Testimony of Koutarou Hatakeyama. Hara, with whom I served together, died. This is true, and I can tell you a lot more. This year, on February 3, they took Khure. The Chinese troops started to withdraw from Hure and captured Haru and me. Hara wanted to protect me. Then the Chinese suddenly shot Haru. They did this because they thought he was a Russian soldier: Hara was wearing a Russian uniform, he was mistaken for a Russian. I wanted to take the body, but there was a panic, so I couldn't do anything. Where was Hara born? "I don't know." Is Hara a professional soldier, or not? He's not a professional. What is your profession? — I don't know. "What face, what figure?" - About 30 years old, bald, long face, height about 150 cm. What is the distinguishing feature? - No front tooth. Does he understand Chinese? He understood Chinese well. How many people [Japanese] remain in Ungern's army? "I don't know, but Commander Teukurou Baba is there now, a former sapper. The office is headed by Yutaka Fujimoto. Hatakeyama is now a police officer in Tianjin. The interrogation was conducted by political chief Kakuma Yoshino.

l. 451-53. to the Governor of Hyogo Prefecture. Oyuno Hara, who served in the baronial army. On May 10, Osaka Asahi published an article about the baron's army. Otsuno Hara was shot, as Hatakeyama said. Now the latter lives in Tianjin. The family name is the same, but is that Hara and Otsuno Hara the same person? We need to find out about this. (...)

L. 454. 12.On the morning of June 20, at 7 o'clock in the morning, I received a message from Beijing that the Ungern army had lost the battle of Troitskosavsk. DALT's message from Chita. (More - DALT's message)

L. 455.Yamauchi's testimony to Mr. Uchida, No. 124. On June 22, we learned from DALT's report that Ungern and the Mongol army were defeated on June 13 by the Red Army and the Far Eastern Army. (Further - DALT's message)

l. 456. (DALT's report on Chicherin's statement that Ungern's army should be defeated)

L. 457. Yoshida's message to Mr. Uchida, No. 341. Good weather. July 10 at 2: 50. Send us information about China.

l. 458-59. (DALT's messages)

l. 460. July 22. Yoshida's message to Mr. Uchida, No. 422. I am responding to your order No. 341. On July 20, I checked the data on Ungern. The Chinese army and the Red Army wanted to defeat Ungern, but he invaded Russia, that's true. If it joins China, then the Chinese state itself will want to solve the problem. Ungern lost because the Mongolian Revolutionary Party doesn't want to help him, and I think there are Communists working in it. Written on July 22.

l. 461-162. (DALT's messages)

L. 463. Kawakami's message to Mr. Uchida, No. 57. The Varshavsky Golos newspaper writes:: Bodo and Mezeja 13 are equally enemies for the Ungern army. We want to remove Soviet troops from Mongolia, but on August 10, Chicherin and the Soviet State entered into an alliance with the Mongolian state and decided to jointly remove Ungern's army. Soviet troops may be invited, but the Mongolian state wants to be independent. If independence is preserved, Soviet Russia can be invited.

L. 464. November 7, N64. Message from Seichiro Yamazaki to Mr. Uchida. Sousa's Qiqihara and Yutaka Fujimoto interrogation protocols were reviewed.

L. 465. Subject: How the Japanese served in Ungern's army. Secret.

l. 466. November 5, 1921 Sousa secret report to Consul Mr. Yijuying. I left with 14 soldiers from Manchuria. I consulted with Mr. Yamazaki, and I wanted to talk to them

12 Refers to the unsuccessful assault on Troitskosavsk by Ungern on June 6-8, 1921.

13 d. Bodo (? -1922), future Prime Minister of the Provisional People's Government of Mongolia, briefly served as Ungern's secretary. Mezeya is not installed.

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collect information and report to Japan. But they are generally ignorant. One graduated from high school, the other from the economics department of Meiji University, and the rest were people with no knowledge or morals at all. They said: "Why do we want to be here? Because we want to rob." So I think: don't trust them, because they are ignorant.

L. 467. Content. 1. Reception at the consulate of those who served in the Ungern army. 2. How they got to the consulate. 3. What Mr. Yamazaki did. 4. Service from Dauria and Aksha to Khure. 5. Introduction to Khure. 6. Hike to the north. 7. Parting with Ungern. 8. Capture of Ungern. 9. The Japanese in Hailar. 10. Excerpts from conversations.

L. 468.1. Reception at the consulate of those who left Ungern's army. On October 21, 22 Japanese citizens came to the Japanese consulate in Qiqihar, including 2 Koreans: Yutaka Fujimoto, born in Ehime Prefecture in the 24th year of Meiji; Yoshikazu Asonuma, born in Hiroshima Prefecture in the 23rd year of Meiji; Yoshimaru Toyosawa, born in Fukushima Prefecture in the 30th year of Meiji; Toyotaro Komatani, born in Hokkaido Prefecture in the 29th year of Meiji; Kichisavuru Imanishi, born in Fukushima Prefecture in the 30th year of Meiji; Yasuo Shichida, born in Saga Prefecture in the 27th year of Meiji; Shigeru Ushiwou, born in Fukuoka Prefecture in the 17th year of Meiji; Gihachi Tajima, born in Fukuoka Prefecture in the 21st year of Meiji; Toyozou Nitta, born in Hokkaido Prefecture in the 27th year of Meiji; Kiichirou Iwasawa, born in Shizuoka Prefecture in the 24th year of Meiji; Kumazou Koga, born in Fukushima Prefecture in the 22nd year of Meiji; Masami Iguchi, born in Fukushima Prefecture in the 37th year of Meiji; Yoshinosuke Asada, born in Osaka in the 31st year of Meiji; Mataichi Satsukime, born in Tochigi Prefecture in the 13th year of Meiji; Toyokurou Baba, born in Saga Prefecture in the 20th year of Meiji;

L. 469. Souichi Hidaka, born in Miyazaki Prefecture in the 29th year of Meiji; Yuuji Arimune, born in Oita Prefecture in the 29th year of Meiji; Sannosuke Miyazaki, born in Chiba Prefecture in the 29th year of Meiji; Takao Ooi, born in Osaka Prefecture in the 27th year of Meiji; Kentarou Imaku, born in Ishikawa Prefecture in the 33rd year of Meiji; Kim, Korean, 33 years old; Can, Korean, 36 years old. 2. How they got to the consulate. These are the remnants of the Ungern party, which consisted of 600-700 people together with the Russians, and left Mongolia. We don't know what Russians are. On October 5-6, they arrived in Hailar. Then they handed over their weapons and left by train on the night of the 18th. On the 20th, we arrived at the Japanese consulate. 3. What Mr. Yamazaki did. Mr. Yamazaki helped them. He said that Ungern's army was defeated, but Mongolia and Manchuria were our territories. We need to think about how to control them. Yamazaki went to China because the Chinese bureaucracy doesn't let Japanese people into Mongolia.

l. 470. 4. Service from Dauria and Aksha to Khure. We counted the Japanese who had returned, but the Japanese soldiers had served since July-August 1920, a total of 49 people. So here are 27 more people: Koutarou Hatakeyama, Shioukichi Hara, Misaku Noto, Kensaurou Fujiwara, Takeo Koga, Keitarou Yaegashi, a certain Ikuta, a certain Masaki, a certain Kasimura, Motohiro Funakoshi, Norisuke Nakajima, Ichirou Shigekuni, a certain Kawanaka, Gentarou Nakata, Ikuo Okoshi, Norio Ono, Saizou Ogawa,

l. 471. Kaizou Wakayashi, a certain Akiyama, a certain Oouchi, Shindeirou Koyama, Hikoshirou Oumi, a certain Hamada, a certain Yamaki, a certain Arita, Toshi Sekiike, a certain Kovayashi. In Dauria served: ataman Rezukhin; 800 Russian men; 43 Japanese under the command of Koutarou Hatakeyama; translators: 4 Japanese and 3 Russian with Korean documents; 16 people-a machine-gun team; 6 field guns; 3000 rifles. Apart from Hatakeyama, Fujimoto and a few others, all [Japanese] served for low wages, had poor, ragged clothes, worked in the forest (sawed trees), and traveled along the Siberian Road. Then on August 10, they gathered at the train station in Dauria 14. Hatakeyama told them that from now on we will defend ourselves, because there is a lot of looting going on. They were given 1 rifle, 1 horse and 1 grenade. Several people began to be indignant: why did we work in the forest, why do we need it?

14 During this period, the Ungernovtsy were leaving Dauria and preparing to march to Mongolia.

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a weapon for killing people? A certain Hasimura escaped, and the others agreed. On the 15th or 16th, we arrived at the village. Akshu. But before we went there, Yaegashi got sick, and Koga, Ikuta, and one other person got lost. On the 15th, we arrived in Aksha, and the Japanese stayed there for one night, and the Russians-for 4-5 nights.

l. 472. Then Ungern's army marched west. After standing in Aksha for about a week, we went to the village of Dokhtor and put our weapons in a warehouse. The vanguard moved further west. Not far from the border with Mongolia, we found another village. It was divided into western and eastern parts. In the western part there were 400-500 houses, in the eastern part - 800. Then we arrived at the village of Stanishigara 15. Then, in the place where there was a Chinese trading post, a Japanese man died, who - we do not know. From there, after two days of traveling, we arrived in Mongolia. We continued south, then west and north. Then we came to the village of Altai in the Siberian region. There are about 400-500 houses there, and Chinese people work in the field near the village. Then we went further west.

l. 473. I don't remember exactly, but around October 10, we came to the village of Menza on Russian territory. Then we had a rest, and on October 27 - 28 we went on the attack for the first time, but did not have success. Then we attacked two more times, also without success. By the beginning of February, we had reached Khure and occupied it. We captured it from the third time. By April, Mongolia was completely under the rule of Ungern. Before that, we were joined by a Mongol named Samsagoni 16. We attacked together, and thanks to him, we were successful. We attacked Khure from a mountain to the south, with Madachan village on the right.

l. 474. 5. Introduction to Khure. Baron Ungern had many Buryats in his service. They did not want to serve, but he forced them, threatening to kill them. When he came to Hure, he had 500,000 yen in rubles. In Khure, he seized two Chinese banks, where he took a lot of banknotes, silver coins and gold. The Japanese helped him, but the Russians did the looting. We didn't ask where the gold and silver were, but together we broke into Chinese banks and destroyed warehouses. Many Mongols also helped. There were riots and looting in Khure - many bandits seized gold, watches, diamonds, and expensive things. Robbed, including rich foreigners. Since leaving Dauria for 6 months, we lived hard, so we wanted to take our valuables - this is justified. They wanted to have sex-white people with white people, yellow people with yellow people.

L. 475. Ungern then received a lot of food and valuables. And when he approached Hure, his army was poor, at that time they gave out salaries only once - 6 yen. The Japanese wanted to get their own gold teeth and asked a Japanese doctor for it. There were several foreigners there, including two Americans. They took the document from Ungern and left for Manchuria. Ungern said he wanted to protect the Japanese, and assigned soldiers to guard the homes of doctor Toyo Yoshida and pediatric dentist Shichiro Azuma. But Azuma deceived him, and Ungern stopped believing him.

l. 476. This Shichiro Azuma, along with the Russian who worked at the restaurant, stole Ungern's treasures. Azuma was afraid of Ungern and the Japanese who served him, so he fled to Manchuria with Yoshida. Then he had 4-5 thousand yen. We chased after Azu-moi, but without success. We went to Ungern and asked: "Will you become the king of Mongolia?" But Ungern didn't answer that question. Hatakeyama wanted to kill the Chinese spies. Wakabayashi revealed his plans to Ungern, and Ungern became angry and wanted to kill Hatakeyama. Yesterday they had good relations, but now they are in a dangerous situation. Hatakeyama found out that Ungern wanted to kill him. So he, Hara, Noto, and Fudziwara approached the Chinese squad. But the Chinese captured them and shot all of them except Hatakeyama. When we attacked Hure, two Japanese were killed; Seijirou Kitayama was ill and could not participate in the battle. Then Kitayama died.

l. 477. After the fight in Hure, Wakabayashi and Katagawa were admitted to the hospital, while Oono, Okosa and Nakata fell ill and were hospitalized for a long time. When Ungern's army marched north, these

15 Maybe referring to Kudara.

16 Apparently, Sundui-gong.

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six people were abandoned, and no one knows what became of them. For the campaign to the north, Ungern gathered 9,000 soldiers of various nationalities - Mongols, Buryats, etc. I was in Ungern's army and I know the situation. The person who can answer is only me, the others can't answer because they are ignorant.

l. 478. 6. Trek to the north. After entering Khure, Ungern rested his soldiers and horses and began to recruit more soldiers. He created three detachments: 3000-from General Ungern himself, 3000-from Major General Rezukhin and 3000 - from the Mongol Samsagoni. Ungern went to the north, Rezukhin-to the northwest, in the direction of Van-khure 17. They planned to attack the enemy in Troitskosavsk, and left Samsagoni in Van-khure. In mid-March, Rezukhin went to Van-khure. About 30 Japanese people were also separated. After Rezukhin went there, one group of Japanese followed him. In early April, the Japanese group arrived in Wan Hure. But along the way, we fought a small Chinese force and won. On the way, we saw the Mongols who lived there. The latter, seeing us, ran away. But the woman and the boy, although they were afraid, stayed at home. We spent the night there. We didn't have to sleep in Russian houses, because every night we slept in Mongol dwellings. We took their livestock whenever we wanted.

l. 479. We rested for a few days in Van Hure, then went to the northeast and there met the Red Army. So we went back to Wan Hure and lived there for a while. At the beginning of April, Arita, Akiyama, Yamaki, Hamada, Oumi, Toyotsu, Miyazaki, and others went north with Ungern (to Siberia). After 4-5 days, they met a detachment of the Chinese army 18, entered the battle, but lost. They went back to Hure; then Yamaki, Hamada, and Oumi were killed. (I think this area is called Haara gol and it is Russian territory 19.) We retreated to Khure, rested, and headed north again at the end of May. But we found out that there were a lot of Chinese troops in the north, so we went to the northeast. On June 20, we attacked the Chinese troops, but we also had 300 Chinese soldiers in our troops. These are the soldiers who surrendered in Khure. We wanted to use these soldiers at the front, but they joined up with the enemy army and attacked. We started to panic. The enemy used two military aircraft. We fled to Van Khure and joined up with Rezukhin. Then Arita died, and Akiyama was captured.

L. 480. Then the detachments of Rezukhin and Ungern joined forces and rested for several days. Then they launched an offensive on the Siberian region. But every day several soldiers deserted, and there were already about 3,000 people left. Japanese players Funakoshi, Nakajima and Shigekuni were eliminated. I don't know what happened to them afterwards. We were in the Selenga River basin. The river was on our left, and we crossed to the right bank. We were southwest of Verkhneudinsk. We wanted to advance, but there were many defensive lines of the Red Army, and we could not go forward, but went back and forth across the Mongol-Russian border. Then many soldiers fell ill and died. We felt like we were Ungern's true friends

l. 481. and we want to serve with him. I still feel his tragedy. Ungern always said that the Japanese military promised to help him. General Yerita of the Japanese Secret Service arrived from Manchuria and passed the document to Ungern through the Mongol. Then we also sent him our letter through the Mongol (on December 31, I replied to the secretary at the Qiqihar Consulate that I had written simply: how do you live, etc.). 7. Parting with Ungern. Selenga is a very long and well-watered river, it is a very famous river in history, it is known for many wars. There Ungern's army split up. Then we created three small groups.

l. 482. General Ungern had 2,200-2,300 Mongol soldiers, Russians-500-600, General Rezukhin had two cavalry regiments, there was also a certain colonel with 600-700 soldiers-

17 Refers to Ungern's campaign in Siberia.

18 Apparently, detachments of Red Army soldiers were mistaken for Chinese: both of them were revolutionaries (Republicans).

19 The Khara gol River is located in northern Mongolia.

20 For Ungern's answer, see above.

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Tami, including Japanese. We didn't know his name. Rezukhin was injured in the Van Khure area and committed suicide 21. Another colonel controlled the troops and led them east 22. The group that served with the Japanese decided to withdraw to San Beise. They took with them 500 rubles in Russian gold coin. (In San Baise, we fought Chinese Communist troops and won. They gave up 400 - 500 soldiers.) A certain colonel joined up with the Rezukhin group and went south. Ungern's army was in disarray. When Ungern created the three groups, they had no purpose.

l. 483. Mid-June - mid-August. 8. Capture of Ungern.

l. 484. It is said that the Chinese Communist army captured Ungern. I don't know where they were captured. But this is near the Selenga River. On August 25-26, his brigades split up, and a few days later his fate was decided. Then there were 50 Mongol soldiers and 13 - 14 Russians (servants) with him. They lived in tents. A general of the Chinese Communist Army with several soldiers approached them and arrested him.23
L. 485. Ungern wanted to see for himself that Russia had collapsed, but why should he be arrested if a new Russia was being built? Ungern thought his service was over, but I think he still has work to do for Russia. (I heard in Manchuria that Chinese merchants say that a hand grenade was thrown at Ungerna while he was sleeping on Seleng, and when he wanted to treat his subordinates, he was captured.

L. 486. But in the end, the Chinese Communist soldiers didn't immediately realize that it was the baron and not his subordinate. A traitor threw a hand grenade, one person died immediately, the baron fought with traitors, then someone else threw a hand grenade and wounded the baron in the left shoulder blade. I think that when we left for Wan Hure, there was already treason. When we were defeated and left along the Selenga River, we did not think about the owner.)

l. 487. Ungern was first sent to Verkhneudinsk, then to Irkutsk. Then there was a trial, and Ungern was sentenced to death by firing squad. I have heard that the sentence has been carried out. 9. The Japanese in Hailar. In the detachment of a certain colonel in 600-700 people there were 22 Japanese and 2 Koreans, we retreated to the south. In the Uriankhai region there is Khubsugul Island, near it there are the Tannu-ola mountains. We were further south and asked residents where this place is located. They said they were west of Khure. It takes 3^1 days to get there from Khure. There is a famous grave of Erutoni there. We continued south. We passed Uriyas, then headed east.

l. 488. We went further and further east, and passed between Dauria and Khure. Then we went through the north-eastern region for 3-4 days. We reached the right bank of the Kerulen and continued east. We wanted to meet up with Rezukhin's group in San Beise, but we found out that the vanguard of the Mongolian revolutionary army was coming, so we marched 2 days to the south, and then went back to the north-eastern region. On September 15-16, near Lake Buir, we met several robbers, we fought and won. On the left bank of the Khalkha River, 24 we met 200 more robbers, we fought and drove them away. These were the Chinese soldiers who had been driven out of Khure, and the remnants of Semenov's army.

l. 489. They gathered spontaneously, and residents said that there were only 400 - 500 bandits. We crossed the Khalkha River to the right bank and went north. Our goal was to come to Hailar. We walked for 2-3 days, and then we met 40-50 Chinese security soldiers. We began to argue with them, then they escorted us, and on October 5 we arrived in Hailar and camped. We surrendered our weapons and passed under the control of the Chinese army on October 7 in the afternoon; the Japanese Kumatarou Satou and Yoshihiro Sakamoto arrived in the afternoon. Since everything was controlled by the Chinese army, they didn't check anything. On the 30th, the Chinese leaders gave 55 yen each to several commanders, and the rest-45 yen each, but in Chinese money. The Russians were moved to Vladivostok, and the Japanese to Qiqihar.

21 was actually killed by mutinous subordinates.

22 Apparently, M. G. Tornovsky.

23 There was a riot against Ungern, he was tied up by the Mongols, they wanted to give him to the rebels, but then P. E. Shchetinkin's red patrol attacked and captured the baron and the Mongols.

24 Khalkhin-goal.

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L. 490. The Chinese leaders who served in Hailar took 3 cannons, 13 machine guns, several rifles, horses, 400 or 500 thousand yen. Even before we arrived in Hailar, a Russian officer ran off somewhere, taking 500 gold rubles. In Qiqihar, a consulate official told us that they would make a banquet with European dishes for the Japanese and would not arrest us. 10. Excerpts from conversations. I will write some excerpts from the conversations. 1) Why did we arrive in Hailar? Because the Japanese thought that Semyonov was there.

L. 491. 2) Fujimoto said that Hirasa, the secretary of the Japanese Secret Service, had previously asked him to help because the captain (now a major) Kuroki will be in contact with the Ungern army. This year, in June and July, Major Yerita was in contact with Ungern. We thought that Semyonov lived in Khaylar, so we went there. 3) When we served in Khure, it was very difficult. I really wanted to leave, but I couldn't. I didn't want to go forward, but I couldn't help it. But in the end, I arrived at the consulate, and it helped me, as I dreamed it would. I didn't expect to live to see it. Each month's salary was 45 yen.

l. 492. But I only got 6 yen, the food was just flour and some beef. I didn't get any new clothes. In fact, I lived on what I took from others, like a robber. But don't scold me. 4) We used to serve in the Kolchak army in general, and some of us served in the Semenov army. 5) All year long there was war, looting, every day I couldn't sleep. 6) I gave some property to Sato (he opened the Tomiyamarou brothel) and Sakamoto (he's a morphine salesman). Tajima gave Sato some gems. He bought these stones in Khure.

l. 493. June 15, 1921 in the morning. Report No. 189 Hamamo to the Second Secretary of the Ministry of War. Russians who are arrested by Chinese guards are beaten with bamboo sticks. Now this is done less often, but now it is fashionable to hang a person by the legs and pour water into the nose; put your feet on a hot iron board; drive needles under your nails. These tortures are repeated. They do this because they want to get evidence of the relationship between Ungern and the Japanese army, which used to be in friendship. If they confessed, the Japanese side does not disclose their last name. Because if we give them their last name, the Chinese prison guards will kill them. The Chinese have no humanity, so it's always hard for defenseless Russians, and they make it up,

l. 494, that Russians are deceitful people. Organizations that engage in censorship do not help in any way. Therefore, Russian people are afraid to anger the Chinese. Yurin 25 spreads rumors that Japan helped Ungern a lot. Is Yurin a friend or an enemy? This is inconvenient for us. We are helping the Russians, but this assistance is not enough, and we cannot assign Japanese gendarmes to all of them for security.

l. 495-496. (DALT's reports are given)

L. 497.22 July 1921 Yoshida's report from Beijing to Uchida. On July 20, a press conference about Ungern was held in China. According to the Chinese authorities, Ungern has indeed come to Russia and they are indeed fighting him together. I think Ungern is losing because the Mongolian Communist Army and the Mongolian People's Party betrayed him. I'll send it in code.

l. 498. June 23, 1921 Report of the Japanese Vice-Consul to China. Sent on the 21st afternoon at 5 p.m. 25 min. and on the 22nd at 6 o'clock. morning, received officially on June 23, N 269. In Chita, Ogarev posed six questions26. The influence of the Ungern group on the Russian and Chinese states: was it held back by the Chinese state or not? How did the Chinese state provide a path for the soldiers of Semenov and Ungern? Are there any remnants of Semenov and Ungernovtsy in Qiqihar and Hailar, and is the Chinese government thinking of removing them from the site?

25 Pseudonym of I. P. Dzevaltovsky-Gintovt, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Far Eastern Federal District. Probably referring to his talks with China.

26 This refers to I. P. Yurin's note to the Chinese Foreign Ministry dated 18.06.1921 (for the text, see: [Far Eastern Republic, 24.05.1921]).

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your territory? Is it forbidden or not to move the remnants of Semenov and ungernovtsy in Manchuria? Semenovskaya group is engaged in banditry in Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin and Manchuria - will the Chinese state stop their activities? Russians living in the Republic of China are opposed to China - is the Chinese government going to remove them or not? Ogarev addressed these questions to the Chinese state. "Relations between Russia and China are very friendly,

l. 499. therefore, we would like the bandits to be driven out of China. We respect China's territorial integrity. Ungern's army has entered eastern Russia, Mongolia, so we would like to cross the Chinese border to subdue them. After pacification, we promise that the Russian army will immediately withdraw. What does the Chinese state think about this? " (Reports from agents in Vladivostok and Canton)

l. 500. August 13, 1921. General Staff of the Cantonese Army, No. 482. Second report for August (on Russia). Internal affairs. Politics. 1. The Russian and Chinese armies work together against bandits. 2. Movement of Taskin's group. 3. Internal affairs (police). Russia has placed a Russian militia on the Manchurian line. Economy (industry). Japanese-Russian entrepreneurship management. The situation with proletarian bandits.

L. 501. Internal affairs. 1. The Russian and Chinese armies work together against bandits. August 6: On August 1, we received information from Mukden that food and weapons are being delivered to bandits on the CER. Therefore, we will take food and weapons from the bandits together with the Chinese army. This is classified information. 2. August 1: On July 27, we received information from Vladivostok that Taskin and Lomakin met in Vladivostok on July 25 at 6 o'clock. in the morning at the El Dorado Hotel in room 16 and discussed actions against Semenov 27.

l. 502-503. (On the situation in the Far East in connection with the establishment of the Far Eastern Government)

l. 504-505. (3. About the militia on the CER)

l. 506. August 3, 1921. Information from May 24 on the Russian economy. Levchenko, a Russian entrepreneur, and Shiouji, a Japanese entrepreneur, were engaged in international entrepreneurship, especially for the army - harvesting timber. At first, they used the Chinese, then gradually switched to the Japanese. At first, they used the forest for the CER, then sold it abroad.

l. 507-508. (Information about proletarian bandits from Chinese gendarmes. It is not known whether this is the Red Army or another)

L. 509. (Same as L. 463)

l. 510. September 5. Sent on September 3 in the evening at 17 o'clock. 40 minutes, received at 20 hours. 20 min. from the Japanese Army headquarters in Vladivostok. The 26th division of the Proletarian army (Krasnoyarsk) went to Troitskosavsk in August and knocked out Ungern. The Ungern group is completely destroyed. One Japanese who escaped from there said that Ungern was captured. But this is just propaganda. Whether this is correct, we don't know yet. Siberia is still calm.

l. 511. (The situation of September 27, in Khure. The Mongol khan's wife was killed there. Now the Uighurs from Xinjiang will take power in Mongolia. 4,000 women and girls killed in Mongolia 28)

L. 512. N110 of May 19, 1922, received on September 8, 1922 from Manchuria. Report of Bunichirou Tanaka to Baron Keishirou Matsu I. The shooting of the Japanese in Hure. March 14, 1922 I left Khure and arrived in Qiqihar on May 8. After we escaped from Wakabayashi and Ogara, we sold food and household items from the Ungern army's supplies. On March 15, the Red soldiers caught us. In early April, Wakabayashi and Ogara were executed. Japanese doctor Iwatarou Kojima opened his clinic in Chita in Transbaikalia and worked there, and

27 Prior to the departure of G. M. Semenov from Siberia, S. A. Taskin was the governor of the Trans-Baikal Region.

28 All this information is incorrect.

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In March 1921, he came to Khure and served in the Russian hospital. In February of the following year, the gendarmes came and put him in jail. No one knows what happened to him afterwards. In 1922, the Japanese Ooishi, Fukuda, Oosano, Shimizu, Hirota and the Koreans Kim yi and joined communism. They reported Wakabayashi, Ogara, and Kojima, and so they were arrested by the gendarmes.

L. 513. (Messages from Peking to the Japanese Consulate in Manchuria)

l. 514-516. (Economic affairs of Ataman Semenov)

L. 0119. Diary for May 1921 VladivostokArmy Headquarters, No. 76, Isomura's report to General Yamanashi Hanzou, May 5, 1921 Continuation of the struggle of Baron Ungern.

L. 0120. Ministry of War. Copies: The Beijing Consulate in China, the Canton Army, the Army in Qingdao, the Security Service in the Far East, the 11th Division of the Japanese Army in Northern China, the military attache in Shanghai.

L. 0121. Continuation of the struggle of Baron Ungern. May 5, 1921 Vladivostok Army headquarters.

L. 0122. Analysis of Baron Ungern's plans in Mongolia. The information is still inaccurate.

L. 0123. Content. 1. Equipment and personnel. 2. Supply chain. 3. The political element. 4. Conclusions.

L. 0124. 1. Equipment and personnel. Perhaps the most important thing in Semenov's troops is the future Asian Division. In August 1920, the division was disbanded, then reassembled, but whether it would be successful is unknown. Probably, he will form it on a national basis with the Russian command.

L. 0125. A separate connection is created from bandits and similar people. In August 1920, 1,500 soldiers and Buryats left Dauria for the border with Mongolia, where they received reinforcements, and in early April they may reach 10,000 soldiers.29
L. 0126. Now we think that there are 3,000 Russians, 4,000 Buryats and Mongols, 3,000 or 4,000 rabble (but we don't know for sure), and fewer than 10 Japanese. Their chieftain is Koutarou Hatakeyama. We heard that he was then caught by Chinese soldiers.

L. 0127. We don't know how many Chinese there are, but probably very few. A few Tibetans. There are approximately 10,000 soldiers in total. In the future, the Ungern army will also recruit soldiers from the troops of Semenov, the troops of K. 30, and they will be joined by more Mongolian soldiers. We will analyze this.

L. 0128. In August 1919, they had 2,500 rifles, several machine guns, and 4 cannons. In August 1920, in Dauria, they already had 3,000 rifles, several machine guns, and a certain amount of ammunition.

L. 0129. Accurate information: these weapons were obtained from the Chinese army, some of them were obtained by the Mongols or themselves. Personal qualities. Commander Baron Ungern has a terrible, cold soul. If he sets a goal , he achieves it from beginning to end.

L. 0130. He always threatens subordinates, so subordinates are afraid of him. They don't serve wholeheartedly. But for a short time, he knows how to connect different peoples. So we will use it. Unlike Semyonov's soldiers, Ungern's soldiers do not drink alcohol, lead a simple life and serve seriously. He has a hot temper.

L. 0131. He doesn't want to serve with Semyonov. That's why it's a success. He understands Mongolia very well. He's a terrible commander. Always thinks out plans for military operations. He doesn't want to work with Semenov's army because Semenov's group is hesitant and indecisive, because he is a German Russian, his character is of German blood.

L. 0132. In general, Russian Cossacks and peasants carry out orders like partisans. They are military veterans. Ordinary soldiers there are also veterans, so an ordinary soldier knows how to wield weapons well. Their weapons technique is better than that of the Chinese soldiers. The Mongols and Buryats are geographically close. They are good at riding a horse.

29 Figures are grossly inflated.

30 V. O. Kappel?

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L. 0133. They form a small group, ride horses and move quickly. It is convenient for them to fight with the Chinese army, as the Chinese army is very slow to move. The Mongol army was disbanded in 1919, and the Mongol commanders who now exist are from there. They know guerrilla warfare well.

L. 0134. Therefore, they often defeat Chinese troops. In the future, these guerrilla veterans will become instructors in the Mongolian army. The Chinese always want to plunder, they came here for it. They have a cold temper. The leader of Cao used to serve with Ungern, was a Chinese commander. In the Ungern army, several commanders are well aware of the Mongolian situation.

L. 0135. In January 1919. Ungern probably had a hard time controlling independent Mongolia. Therefore, he will probably have to spend a lot of money now. Ungern's army is worse than the regular army, but better than the Chinese army.

L. 0136. 2. Supply. Poor Russians, Buryats and Mongols are used to a simple life. They consider it normal to dress poorly and eat tasteless food. Earlier, Semyonov said that we could not succeed with several thousand partisan soldiers and livestock. Ungern's troops, when they first attacked Khure, seized food from the Chinese troops,

L. 0137, but he didn't tell us about it at the time. Then he will also capture food. Maybe he will continue to use this method. At the end of 1919. Ungern was located between Dauria and Manchuria. Then he also seized and disposed of household items: furs, food, cotton, etc.

L. 0138. Sometimes he changed them for money. But when he came out of Dauria, he had gold coins and bullion. Despite the fact that the Ungern army is strong, in the future it will face difficulties in obtaining weapons. The Far Eastern Republic and China are unlikely to supply it with weapons.

L. 0139. 3. The political element. After the capture of Khure, Ungern became a dictator. The Mongols wanted to be given independence. He dominated the Mongols, and China could not help Khure. We analyzed the situation in Inner Mongolia. The future of the Ungern army has caused many problems:

l. 0140. 1. The question of connecting the Mongol army and the Ungern army. Outer Mongolia wants independence. The Mongols want to create a single independent army. The Mongol independent army will resist China. 2. They have different goals. The Ungern Army is the enemy of the Far Eastern Republic, and independent Mongolia is the enemy of China. Therefore, if independent Mongolia does not want to fight the Far Eastern Republic, Ungern's army will not succeed. If Ungern's army is in Khure,

l. 0141. they need to think about the fight against the Chinese army. But Mongolia is considering a peace plan for relations with the Chinese state, and they think Mongolia is an autonomous state. Then there will be a failure [in Mongolia and Ungern]. According to the latest information, Outer Mongolia sent an envoy to Beijing. He will tell the Chinese authorities that they do not intend to use weapons. Hence, the baron's army won't move yet. 3. The Chinese state cannot give up on Khure.

L. 0142. 1. [...]31 2. The Mongol army is very weak. 3. Supply is poor. 4. The Far Eastern Republic and China will not be able to unite against Ungern. 5. As for China, the Ungern army is bandits, a smokescreen for opening military operations. We analyze this information.

L. 0143. The goals of Ungern and the Mongolian Independent Party do not connect. However, the latter has success, but Ungern wants to show his strength, and the Mongol commander, if he goes in the right direction, will succeed. The Russian and Mongolian armies, if combined, will be very strong.

31 Unintelligible.

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L. 0144. 4. Conclusions. If Baron Ungern's Russo-Mongol army consistently resists, the armies of the Far Eastern Republic and China will not be able to come to Mongolia. In the future, they will increase and may continue to pressure. Now Baron Ungern does not have the strength to overthrow the Far Eastern Republic. But he can always restrain her powers. In the future, it will be able to threaten the proletarian state, and in the future, the Ungern army will overthrow the Far Eastern Republic.

L. 0145. Ungern's alleged motives,

l. 0146-0170. (Copy of l. 0141-0145)

L. 0171. May 12, 1921

L. 0172. N 127. Verification of information by Captain Sasaki. [Report] to Yamanashi Hanzo (Expeditionary Corps, Vladivostok) of March 18, 1921 on the actions of Baron Ungern and the current situation in Mongolia.

L. 0173. Sent to Tsingtao-2 copies, Canton Army-2 copies, Shanghai-1 copy, China-1 copy, North Manchuria-1 copy, Jilin (to Mr. Saito) - 1 copy, Middle China-1 copy, North Manchuria Intelligence Department-1 copy, Mukden-1 copy., Army Transport Department-1 copy, Beijing Consulate-1 copy, 11th and 12th Divisions-3 copies.

l. 0174. March 16, 1921 The actions of Baron Ungern and the current state of Mongolia. Sasaki, Vladivostok Army, formerly an Intelligence department in Manchuria. Secret.

L. 0175. We received this information in Manchuria. If something is wrong, please correct it.

L. 0176. Content. 1. Who is Baron Ungern? 2. Actions of Baron Ungern's army. 3. Difficulties due to the capture of Khure. 4. Baron Ungern's relationship with Mongolia and Zhang Zuolin. 5. The past and future of bandits who operate in China. 6. Conclusions.

L. 0177. Preface. In November 1920, the Semenov army weakened and began to retreat, but its withdrawal was like in the "Caucasian theater". Only the hero Baron Ungern remains, he is the only one who fights hotly and attacked Khure. But his actions cannot yet influence Russian politics. However, the counter-revolutionaries in Europe and Russia are not worried yet, and the same is true in Siberia, but there is no influence of the Far Eastern Republic.

L. 0178. However, since Baron Ungern is active, he will be able to overthrow the Far Eastern Republic in the future. Therefore, we must pay attention to the Ungern army. When I was stationed in Manchuria, I had a communication with him, and I will describe here what I learned about him. It was through him that I learned about Mongolia. Ungern's army is basically based on his influence, and their influence in Mongolia is based on their actions.

l. 0179. 1. Who is Baron Ungern? His real name is Ungern-Sternberg. It originates from the German-Russian border. Born on a small island 32. His father is a rich man. He is a Russian German. He served in the army during the war. He was burning with a thirst for revenge on the bandits (which means he has a tough character), because the bandits took his property and land. In the early spring of 1918, the Semyonovsky detachment was created in the Caucasus, where Pogodaev 33 (Caucasian captain) and Baron Ungern arrived.

L. 0180. Pogodaev's father is a rich man. Therefore, Pogodaev helped the Semyonovsky detachment with money. Ungern with his tough character was useful for the Semenovsky squad. In the Caucasus, these three always served together. When the Japanese army came to Siberia, Semyonov established his dominance, and Ungern immediately created an Asian division of people of different nationalities. He traveled to Russia and China, and established his base in Dauria. There he arrested and horribly killed bandits. Residents said that north Dauria was a place of execution,

32 In fact, Ungern was born in Graz, Austria. The small island of Dago (Saaremaa) in the Baltic Sea is a former fiefdom of the Ungerns.

33 In 1921, Esaul A. Pogodaev was Ungern's representative in Manchuria, and was in contact with Zhang Zuolin.

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L. 0181. there were mountains of bones and the voices of the spirits of the slain. He robbed trains, arrested and killed many people, including Chinese. He did not listen to the protests of the powers that be. Baron Ungern did not listen to Semyonov's orders, took valuables for himself and did not send them to Semyonov. Their relationship is bad, but the connection is not broken.

L. 0182. Ungern is almost insane, with seizures, I think, from a head wound he received during the war. Earlier [because of the injury], he was crazy, did not notice anything, thought that he was hurt by everyone around him. If his colleague did not agree with him, the baron sometimes killed him with a pistol. When it comes to his subordinates, he's a complete tyrant.

L. 0183. His subordinates are always afraid of him. He has flown to Manchuria by plane and driven by car, and he likes to drive fast. When Ungern came to Manchuria, we once invited him to a banquet and talked about samurai. He said that Japanese entrepreneurs who live in Siberia are bandits because they are deceivers.

L. 0184. The Japanese military praised him very much. He's a shameless man, doesn't know diplomatic etiquette. He is a real independent person, does not want others to help. Semyonov is a typical Russian commander, who also always serves independently. Ungern believes that since the Japanese army is helping Semyonov, this is a sign of indecision. Foreigners became interested in Ungern's actions. He found out about it,

L. 0185, but Semyonov found out too, and on June 21 dismissed Ungern. He took responsibility for Ungern's crimes, and outwardly showed it to foreign countries. But Ungern continued to serve, and in early September Semyonov once again ordered the Asian Division to be disbanded. On September 29, Verzhbitsky's order for the Far Eastern army stated that they did not maintain contact with Ungern. Ungern was very angry at this. Semenovtsy did not want to fight with the Far Eastern army,

L. 0186. and Semyonov summoned Ungern to serve in Russia. [Later] Ungern's army went abroad, and Pogodaev contacted Ungern once a week. Ungern made supplies of property and money, organized an expedition to Aksha in early August, but he had no plans for the future. Of course, for Russia, he has a small squad,

l. 0187. and he was just happy with the heroism of fighting the bandits. Several Japanese soldiers who served with him said they initially thought they had gathered on the Russo-Mongolian border to attack Khure for Mongolian independence, or to attack Irkutsk to create a buffer between northeastern Siberia and the Far East. But then we found out what Ungern was thinking at the time. His second 34th wife is Chinese. Her family is Zhang.

L. 0188. He loved her very much. He sometimes got together with a group of Chinaefiles, he treated Zhang Zuolin well; he has a bit of intelligence.

l. 0189. 2. Actions of the army of Baron Ungern. The Chinese disbanded their army in Mongolia before Ungern arrived there.35 Externally, Semenov and Ungern ended their relationship. The former Asiatic division left Dauria for Aksha on September 5 - approximately 1,500 soldiers, each with 2 rifles; ammunition, a supply of gold coins and food were loaded on the wagon train. The Japanese were about 50 soldiers with guns. There, he serves as the leader of Koutarou Hatakeyama.

L. 0190. He guarded the gold and money. On the way, a Chinese detachment wanted to rob gold, but the Japanese drove them away. 36 When they went, they collected Cossacks and supplies along the way, and killed several Tatars. When they reached Aksha in mid-September, there were 3,000 soldiers.37 When they marched on Troitskosavsk in early October, there were more than 3,000 soldiers.

34 According to the documents - the first.

35 28.07.20 decree of the President of China abolished the administration of the North-western troops (including in Khalkha), the Ministry of War was entrusted with the duty to assemble and disband them as soon as possible (AV-PRI, op. 761, d.1548, l. 356-369).

36 A. S. Makeev (1934) wrote in detail about how the Russians and the Japanese recaptured the "black cart" from the Chinese.

37 Figure is too high.

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L. 0191. Ungern flew in from Dauria on October 2 and joined us. The Chita government protested against the march of Ungern and Semyonov to the west, because the truce was violated. Semyonov replied that the Ungern army was not his army. But everyone knows that Semyonov wishes good service to Ungern. October 5 partisans

l. 0192. they came from Sohondo station, interrupted the electric line and went west. On the 7th, about 600 partisans came north of Chita to Shishkino, but the Semenov army drove them away. Then there was a battle between semenovtsy and partisans, and semenovtsy drove them away again. Then the partisans surrendered and joined the Semyonovites.

L. 0193. But the Semyonovsky troops are very divided in principle, and it is not known whether they will be able to further repel the partisans. I think Ungern's actions are more important. On October 22, near Makayev 38, soldiers of the Manchurian detachment left for Dauria, and about 500 soldiers joined Ungern.

L. 0194. On October 17, Semyonov and the partisans joined the battle. Then the Ungern group went to the upper region, as I heard, began to attack and made a barrier between Vladivostok and Irkutsk near Lake Baikal. Kaikaya 39. I received this information from the Chinese Emperor Puyi. But we couldn't verify whether this is true or not. We also heard that Ungern knew what the Semenov army was doing, and that Russian and Mongol detachments were gathering near the Kyakhta and the mouth of the Selenga.

L. 0195. After the Semyonov army retreated, Russian Cossacks, Buryats and Mongols arrived, and there were 6,000 soldiers.40 Then Ungern finally attacked Khure. And in December, he sent his subordinates to the Tsetsenkhan aimag, Mongolian bandits gathered, he sent Mongol partisans, they attacked the Chinese detachment and robbed it. On January 7, Ungern took Buryat soldiers,

l. 0196. and approximately 2000 Buryat soldiers attacked Khure from the south, the Russians from the east. Fighting continued from January 7 to 12-13. But no one was able to win. Around February 11, he once again approached Khure. Jabzundamba 41, who was arrested by the Chinese, was released, and Jabzundamba again became the main Mongolian Buddhist priest. Several Japanese were taken prisoner, now there are about 30 of them left.

L. 0197. Approximately 3,000 Chinese infantry and 1,400 cavalry were defeated and left. Ungern's soldiers entered Khure and killed many old and young Tatar women.42 I have heard that at the beginning of March there were about 20,000 soldiers in Ungern's army, but I think that in reality there were 10,000 soldiers.43
L. 0198.3. Difficulties due to the capture of Khure. After Ungern took Khure, the Chinese government ordered Lieutenant General Tsang to recapture Khure. But the auxiliary army units were afraid of Ungern's army. The Beijing authorities ordered Zhang Zuolin to advance north along the road that leads to Khure. But in the Chinese state there are many groups of militarists, they do not help each other.

l. 0199-0200. (Lists groups of Chinese militarists)

L. 0201. The Chinese state maintains contact with Yurin, but several groups prevent this. Therefore, they are not willing to cooperate to take Khure. The Chinese government instructed them to attack Khure and use Line 44 for this purpose.

L. 0202. The fact that the Chinese army is attacking Khure is a fantasy, because it will not be possible to provide supplies to the units located in Mongolia. Therefore, I think that China cannot hold Khure, and Ungern will be able to reign there for a while.

38 Maccabees?

39 Baikal?

This figure is overestimated by about 20 times.

41 Bogdo-gegen VIII, theocratic monarch of Mongolia.

42 The Japanese call Mongols, Buryats, Tuvans, Sakhalin residents, etc. Tatars.

This figure is overestimated by at least 10 times.

44 Apparently, the CER.

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l. 0203. 4. The relationship of Baron Ungern with Mongolia and Zhang Zuolin. After the Japanese army left, if Semyonov's army could not hold the territory, Semyonov would go to Mongolia and become a partisan himself. The Vladivostok 45 Provisional Government and the Chinese state held talks about the Semenov army and decided that there would be problems if the Semenov army entered Primorye, so it should disarm. Another reason for the need for disarmament is that,

L. 0204, that in the summer of 1920, the Semenov army was disbanded, about 20,000 Cossacks dispersed, and Semenov began to occupy pastures, the old Semenovites began to study the Mongolian language in a special school; they know Mongolian geography and life, so the success of Mongolia's independence is very important. Russia was important for Mongolia's independence, and when Russia collapsed, independence was abolished.

L. 0205. Ungern is now in the Asian Division, using Buryat soldiers and Jebtsundamba, and once again we need to think about Mongolia's independence. Then he gathers the most influential people in Mongolia. I believe that in principle, the Mongols also always think of the Mongol-Tatar empire. They believe that if Japan helps, they can build an empire. Several influential Mongols say they don't need Japanese help, but they also want independence.46
L. 0206. Today, the Mongols are working hard for Ungern because no one is helping Mongolia right now. The Mongols believe in its work, so if the Chinese army takes Khure, the Mongols will lead a long siege. So they will collect weapons and supplies

L. 0207. and they will bind the Far Eastern Republic. Ungern needs to be friends with Zhang Zuolin. Therefore, he should not break off relations with him. Through Zhang Zuolin, it will bind the Chinese state 47.

L. 0208. These plans can be implemented. Some materials are missing, but now we need to threaten the Beijing state in the center and support Zhang Zuolin and the last Chinese emperor. Therefore, in the north it is necessary to cause a war. And this can also be implemented.

L. 0209. It is said that Ungern met with a Mongol princess and that he made a contract with Zhang Zuolin. But I don't know for sure. Ungern is located in Mongolia - this does not pose any problems for Zhang Zuolin. Therefore, Zhang Zuolin is outwardly friendly with it and thinks that he can use it in the future. 5. past and future of bandits who operate in China.

L. 0210. China will recruit barbarians into the army. This is a traditional Chinese policy. The Japanese army has entered three Far Eastern regions, and this protects China 48. If the Japanese army leaves, Semenov's troops will leave with it, then China will bind Russia.

L. 0211. This is a traditional Chinese policy. Baron Ungern may hold down the Chinese army in the future after the Japanese army withdraws from the Primorye region. On the contrary, the Chinese state will be like a hurricane. But Ungern in Khure

L. 0212. stands against the north 49. He doesn't like the proletarian state very much, so he will hold back the north. It is traditional Chinese policy to restrain some barbarians with the help of others. Zhang Zuolin wants to govern using pan-mongolism. If Japan uses his plans in the Mid-State 50, then Japan will be able to restrain the Mid-State government. We will also use Ungern and the Mongol army.

45 Government of the Merkulov brothers.

46 The implication seems to be that the autonomous Mongolian Government is counting on Japan's support, but the Mongolian People's Party is not.

47 This means that the desire of Zhang Zuolin, with whom Ungern is associated, to rule Manchuria independently limits the power of the Beijing government.

48 This refers to the defense against Bolshevik Russia.

49 That is, the Far Eastern Federal District and the RSFSR.

50 China.

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L. 0213. We will use the Mongol army to swing the Chinese army from the north, so the existence of Ungern is very important. 6. Conclusions. 1) The Ungern army continues to hold Khure for some time, but the situation is unstable.

l. 0214. 2) The bandits ' plans are to develop an offensive from Khure. 3) When the Middle State is in turmoil and discipline is shaken, Zhang Zuolin will use Ungern and the Mongol army, and Mongolia's independence may be realized. 4) In proletarian Russia, the Far Eastern Republic is now very strong, and it speaks directly to China about Mongolia, that it is a buffer state between Russia and China.

L. 0215. Therefore, [the DDA] has a good attitude towards Mongolia's independence. 5) The proletarian state is putting pressure on us, so it is very important to think about the Mongolian situation. 6) The [Japanese] Empire should not maintain close relations with Manchuria and Mongolia.

L. 0216-0257. (Copy of L. 0174-0215)

l. 0161-0162. Diary for 1921, vol. 6. to Major General Sakanishi. List of documents on assistance to the Japanese in the time of troubles in Mongolia, No. 224. / signatures, seals/

l. 0163. N 26 and 153. Documents on assistance to the Japanese during the time of troubles in Mongolia. Japanese gendarmes do not think to help the Japanese who serve Ungern. But, of course, Ungern uses Japanese weapons and Japanese soldiers, and maintains relations with Zhang Zuolin. Therefore, we must carefully consider our relations with the Chinese gendarmes. Ministry of War, No. 149, April 6.

L. 0164. Ministry of War, No. 224, April 3, to the Minister of War. March 26, 1921, sent by telegraph on the 25th at 12 o'clock. 15 min. received on the 26th at 9 o'clock. 15 min. From the commander of the expeditionary forces in China. N 26. News from scouts. This information has been sent to each ministry. Now Khure is gripped by turmoil and unrest. In southern China, Sun Yat-sen works with the Chinese Communist Party,

L. 0165, but we are helping Sun Yat-sen. He thinks that we will help the offensive from Beijing to Khure. This news was heard by a scout. All commanders should check this carefully. We think that this information should not be sent by secret telegram.

L. 0166. March 24, sent by telegraph at 5 o'clock. 25 min. on the evening of March 23, received at 6 o'clock. 12 min. March 24, to the director from the military attache in Beijing. The Mongols from Khure told us that they want strong countries like Japan and America to open consulates in Khure. We need to think about the impact on the Middle State.

L. 0167. Ungern's army uses Japanese soldiers and Japanese weapons. Therefore, Japan and Zhang Zuolin will create a new empire in Mongolia. To do this, we will use Semenov and Mongols. Therefore, the Japanese state should keep in touch with Zhang Zuolin.

L. 0168. N 224.9, by telegraph, sent on April 8 at 5 o'clock. evening, received on April 9 at 5 o'clock. 16 min. Second Secretary of the Ministry from the Military Attache in Beijing, China, No. 175. From the Second Secretary of the Ministry of War to Deputy General Sakanishi. Japanese gendarmes do not help the Japanese who serve Ungern, because these Japanese serve him independently. Reported on March 20.

L. 0169. Look at the fifth telegram and explain.

L. 1648. N 318, May 11, about document N 56, which was handed over to the intelligence attache on May 6, 1921. From Otohiko Azuma to the Minister of War, Baron Giichi Tanaka. Koutarou Hatakeyama's service to Baron Ungern.

L. 1649. May 5, 1921 N 16, May 2, 1921, from Captain Edzoe. Content. 1. Inspection of the American Military headquarters. 2. Introduction to the US Military Attache's Cur. 3. Testimony of Koutarou Hatakeyama. / . Inspection of the US Military headquarters. American officers in three vehicles were exploring Tianjin. Two Chinese captains and 4 guards guarded them.

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L. 1650. They left soon, but they must be restricted, because the Japanese army is in the north, and this area cannot be shown to foreigners. Of course, even Japanese doctors should be banned from such familiarization. A person who wants to go there must get a pass, and Americans have special interests - this should be considered. 2. Introduction to the US Military Attache's Cur. On April 1, the new American consul Suripin 51 started working in Beijing, he arrived on March 28.

L. 1651. He is going to find out the losses of the Americans from Manchuria to Khure. He will do this with his colleagues: William, Kausman and his wife - only 4 people. They are going to go to Manchuria and Khure after May 1 from Beijing. It is not known for sure whether the American military attache will be there. Kausman and the US military attache will arrive in Beijing by car. But information was received from unknown Russians that Consul Suripin would be a peace broker and would not check the damage. It is not known whether the consul will be able to do this job, because he is not the main person. But we need to think about it.

L. 1652. Entrepreneur Gappu (now ill and resting in Yokohama) left Khure on February 17, and then influential Mongol acquaintances told him that the Mongols were fighting hotly, and asked him to send a message through Japan to the American state to send a consul through Japan, and to help China's relations with Mongolia. Gappu passed this on to America. Gappu told me that there are presidential elections in America and it is difficult to hope for success, so Japan itself should help relations between China and Mongolia. I told Consul Obata about this. In my opinion, Gappu thinks it doesn't matter (but Kausman will go with the consul).

L. 1653. It's too early for them to check the damage, because the time of troubles continues. I don't understand how they will go through Manchuria and stop at Khure. (Further - about South China and the Japanese army)

L. 1654. I think the Chinese state wants to make a peace treaty with Outer Mongolia and is assembling a large army to contain it. I think America will help Mongolia for its trade with America and Russia. Do they want to check out the damage to their business, or will they just come to Khure to get acquainted?

L. 1655. The Americans want to establish their own consulate in Khure. I don't understand it. American gendarmes always say that they need to protect American entrepreneurs, but they want a political chance. 3. Testimony of Koutarou Hatakeyama. Koutarou Hatakeyama, who served with Ungern last year, was questioned at the Commander-in-Chief's headquarters on April 18.

l. 1656. On April 30, he went to Tientsin and was interrogated by the commander. It showed the following. "1) Two years ago I was a captain and was engaged in logging in Aksha in the Siberian region. Then, with the help of Captain Kuroki, I met Semyonov. He said that he will allow us to harvest the forest, but we must give 80 of our subordinate soldiers. Then we came to Baron Ungern because we wanted to attack Verkhneudinsk. Then we attacked Khure. Back then, I often said that Sino-Japanese relations are peaceful and we don't want to go to war with China.

L. 1657. When we attacked Hure, I didn't agree with it, because it damages Sino-Japanese relations. In the end, I decided to give up and used my subordinates Hara, Fujiwara, and Noto to negotiate with the Chinese who were in Hure. But they went somewhere, and there was no success. I went to Khure alone, and north-east of Khure 52, in Madachan, Chinese soldiers arrested me, I gave them the information I knew. But they couldn't use it, so they lost and fled [from Khure]. However, they weren't defeated because of my information.

L. 1659. 2) Ungern bought 4 guns from the French, received rifles from Japan-they were sold to him by Captain Kuroki. He assembled these weapons in Aksha. 3) At first there were 80 Japanese people, but now there are 36 people left." This is the testimony of Hatakeyama himself.

51 Sokobin?

52 is actually south-east.

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