In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the ruling circles of the Korean Empire, while solving the problems of strengthening the state and ensuring the effectiveness of governance, drew attention to such a tool of politics and ideology as the reward system. On April 17, 1900, by Imperial Decree No. 13, the national award system was introduced in Korea and the first orders were established. After 1948, while forming and developing their state institutions in an environment of fierce mutual confrontation and competition, both the North and the South also did not ignore such an important tool for political and ideological influence on the state apparatus, the military and the population as a whole. In the run-up to and with the outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950, the North and South strengthened their award tools by establishing orders and medals that encourage heroic actions and self-sacrifice in the fight against weapons in their hands. Currently, South Korea has a well-established and fairly effective reward system that meets its main purpose: to encourage and encourage the population to successfully solve the priority tasks set by the state leadership in the field of politics, economy, ideology and culture. The same can be said about the modern award system of "Northerners".

AT THE BEGINNING OF THE JOURNEY: REWARDS OF THE EMPIRE

In the 1870s, at the beginning of the Meiji era, the ruling circles of Japan paid special attention to the Korean Peninsula as a potential object of expansion, despite the fact that Korea was traditionally a sphere of Chinese influence. However, Tokyo, showing determination and exerting military and political pressure on Seoul, achieved the conclusion of the Japan-Korea Treaty of Friendship and Trade on February 26, 1876. Korea granted Japanese subjects the right of extraterritoriality, opened three leading ports for trade, which, in fact, it had no right to control. This marked the beginning of the "discovery" of Korea. In 1882, it signed a corresponding treaty with the United States, in 1883-with England, in 1884-with Italy and Russia, in 1886-with France [Istoriya Vostoka, 2004, vol. 4, book 1, pp. 546-5].

As a result of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, a special clause in the peace treaty eliminated Korea's vassalage from China. Tokyo set about creating conditions for its complete economic and political subordination and turning it into a springboard for future expansion on the mainland. This process seriously worried the Russian government, which viewed Korea as its sphere of influence.

For its part, the Korean leadership tried to play its own game, trying to ensure the status of an independent state. In 1897, King Kojong of Korea declared his country an empire and himself an emperor. At the same time, the ruling circles of Korea drew attention to such a tool of state policy and

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ideologies, such as the award systems that existed in a number of foreign countries. The practice of rewarding with awards in the form of material remuneration or raising the status of the awardee has existed in Korea before, for example, in the form of granting "gift lands". However, until the beginning of the XX century, orders and medals were not established by the rulers of this country. When creating an award system that meets modern requirements, Koreans primarily used the experience of Japan. There were a number of objective reasons for this. First, despite the complex bilateral relations, it was perceived by Seoul as a whole as a fairly" clear " neighbor in terms of its features, traditions and mentality. Secondly, Korea was objectively influenced by Japan, which at that time was already claiming the reputation of the most "successful" country in Northeast Asia. Third, the Japanese award system has shown very high efficiency from the very beginning of its operation.

On April 17, 1900, by Imperial Decree No. 13, the state award system was introduced in Korea. The first orders were established and the rules for their wearing were established, the procedure for awarding awards and related monetary payments was determined. The highest state award was the Order of the Golden Standard, which was similar in statute, purpose and appearance to the Japanese Order of the Chrysanthemum with a chain. At the same time, the following orders were established: Auspicious Stars (corresponding to the Japanese Order of the Chrysanthemum on a Large Ribbon), Plum Blossom (similar to the Japanese Order of the Rising Sun with peacock flowers), Taeguk (analogous to the Japanese Order of the Rising Sun) and Purple Hawk (corresponding to the Japanese Order of the Golden Kite) [Collection of Legislative Acts..., 1972, p. 7; Peterson, 2000, p. 114 - 115, 118, 120 - 121, 128]. It is significant that the date of entry into force of the Korean award system and the establishment of the first orders was celebrated in the same way as the fifth anniversary of the country's independence. The countdown began in 1895, when China, which had lost the war with Japan, signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki, under which it renounced its "traditional" relations with Korea under the "suzerain-vassal" scheme.

The authorities further confirmed their attitude to orders as important symbols of state sovereignty by establishing another Order of Eight Trigrams (corresponding to the Japanese Order of the Sacred Treasure) in April 1901, on the next "anniversary of independence".

The name of the highest order of Korea-the Order of the Golden Standard is associated with the legend of how the founder of the Lee Dynasty (1392-1910) - Lee Sung-kyo (1335-1408) saw in a dream the "golden standard" or geumchok (golden chok). Chhok (Cor.), or syaku (yap.) - an ancient measure of length in Northeast Asia, equal to about 30 cm. This order was mainly intended to be awarded to members of the Korean imperial court, as well as to foreign heads of state and family members of foreign monarchs. In the center of the sign and star of the Order of the Golden Standard is one of the oldest symbols of Northeast Asia-the Yang - Yin sign (Korean taegyk). This sign was known in Ancient China, where it was interpreted as a symbol of two forces representing the whole world (Kojien, 1979, p. 1331). In the composition of the order there are images of four short gilded " rulers "("meril") and plum blossoms - symbols of the Korean monarchical house. In its statute and appearance, the order corresponded to awards of the highest rank of other states.

The designers of the appearance of the Korean orders relied on the traditional symbols of Northeast Asia. First of all, it is taegeek, which occupies a central place on the signs and stars of the Orders of the Golden Standard, Plum Blossom, and also the Taegeek Order named after him. The main symbol and element of the order of Auspicious Stars were the "three lucky stars", which, as was believed in ancient times, meant the coming to power of a virtuous ruler who brought peace and prosperity to his subjects. The trigrams on the Order of Eight Trigrams, along with the taeguk, were among the main ones

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symbols of Buddhism in China and Korea. In addition, the badges of orders and stars in some cases are decorated with images of plum blossoms, as well as hibiscus (hibiscus) - mugunghwa, a kind of informal national symbol of Korea.

The degree of the order that a Korean official or military officer could count on depended on the rank or rank, length of service, and also on what degree of a particular order the candidate already had for awarding. For actions that discredit the honor of the knight of the order, as well as in the case of illegal acts that entailed imprisonment, the deprivation of the order was provided. At the same time, the payment of pensions was also stopped. However, in the Regulations on Orders, a reservation was made about possible exceptions for persons who received short prison terms, who could not be deprived of awards. However, during their stay in prison, their pensions were suspended. It should be noted that the discrediting facts, on the basis of which it was possible to deprive orders, included, in particular, crimes related to gambling, as well as removal from public positions for disciplinary violations, depending on their severity [Collection of Legislative Acts..., 1972, pp. 16-17].

In addition to the orders, several medals were established in the Korean Empire dedicated to events related to the monarch and his closest relatives: anniversaries of the reign, accession to the throne, "the highest wedding" , etc. Imperial orders and medals quickly gained popularity in Korean society, especially in its ruling circles. However, the Korean imperial award system lasted only until 1910, when Korea became part of the Empire of Japan.

After the defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. Under the Portsmouth Peace Treaty, Russia was forced to agree to Japan's freedom of action in Korea. The United Kingdom and the United States recognized the "priority of Japanese interests" on the Korean Peninsula even before Portsmouth.

On November 17, 1905, a treaty was imposed on Korea by force of arms, establishing a Japanese protectorate over it. In February 1906, the Japanese Government established the post of Resident General (tokan) in Korea. He was in charge of the country's internal and external affairs [Istoriya Vostoka, 2005, vol. 4, book 2, p. 496]. On August 22, 1910, a treaty was signed, according to which the Korean monarch "completely and forever" transferred to the Japanese emperor his sovereign rights in Korea. In return, members of the Korean imperial house were guaranteed honorary titles and awarded substantial pensions. The independent country ceased to exist, and the General Government of Korea "emerged" instead. With the collapse of all the institutions and mechanisms of the former government, the reward system was also annulled.

TWO COUNTRIES - TWO AWARD SYSTEMS

Korea was part of the Empire of Japan until its defeat in World War II. After launching military operations against Japan on August 9, 1945, the Red Army began combat operations in North Korea as well. By early September, Soviet units had reached the 38th parallel. US troops were introduced to Korea after the defeat of Japan and were stationed in the southern part of the peninsula. Thus, for many decades to come, the division of Korea into North and South was initiated.

Both Moscow and Washington had their own "ideas" regarding the creation of a new Korean state (initially, however, they provided for the preservation of its unity). They also had their own ideas about who could become its political leader. For the USSR, it was Kim Il Sung, who became famous for anti-Japanese guerrilla raids in Manchuria and on the northern borders of Korea. For the United States, Lee Seung-man, who lived there since 1904 and united the patriotic circles of Korean soes-

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Russian citizens who were on the territory of this country. As a result, the general process of post-war division of the world into two opposing camps led to the fact that on August 15, 1948, on the third anniversary of the liberation of the country, a new state was officially announced south of the 38th parallel-the Republic of Korea, headed by President Lee Seung-man. Establishment of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Kim Il Sung became its prime minister. The division of Korea occurred against the will of the majority of the population, as well as its political figures, both who were in the country during the years of colonial dependence on Japan, and who returned from emigration. Both the Republic of Korea and the DPRK declared themselves to be the only legitimate regime claiming the entire territory of the peninsula. Both sides actively prepared for armed actions.

Forming and developing their state institutions in an environment of fierce mutual confrontation and competition, neither the North nor the South could ignore such an important tool of political and ideological influence on the state apparatus, the military and the general population as the national award system. The significance of this tool was especially great given the expected very real fierce military clashes.

Under these circumstances, the leadership of the DPRK, taking extraordinary measures to concentrate the efforts of the population on strengthening the economic and military potential of the country, began practical steps to form the award system already in the fall of 1948, when the Order of the State Banner, which received the status of the highest order, was established on October 2. It was intended to be awarded for" military and civilian achievements that go far beyond the normal performance of official duty." The Order has three degrees. The order's badges are shaped like a five-pointed star with a central medallion in the form of a red decahedron framed by a blue border, with a five-pointed star in the middle. Also in 1948, two medals were established in North Korea in honor of liberation from Japanese colonial rule.: Medal of Fighters for the Liberation of the Motherland and Medal in memory of the liberation of Korea and victory over Japan [http://www.medals...]. The latter was also awarded to Soviet servicemen.

In 1949, the award system of the DPRK introduced "tools" designed to promote the mobilization of the civilian population for selfless work. On June 13, the Order of Labor is established. At the same time, the medal "For Labor Merits"is established.

In South Korea, the first Order of Merit for State Building was established on April 27, 1949 by Presidential Decree No. 82. He had three degrees. It was awarded to citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan for outstanding services in the creation of their new state, participants in the struggle for liberation from the colonial rule of Japan. In the first period, there were many posthumous awards. In the future, this order was given for outstanding contribution to the strengthening and development of the Republic. Foreigners could also get it. The signs and star of the order were multi-beam stars with the image of the "taegyk" symbol in the central medallion and looked like the old Korean imperial Order of Taegyk [Sbornik zakonodatelnykh aktov..., 1972, pp. 27-29]. Thus, the Seoul regime sought to further "confirm" its legitimacy as the " legal successor of Korean statehood."

For a comprehensive study of issues related to the creation and functioning of a full-blooded award system, on May 5, 1949, by Presidential Decree No. 89, the Award Council was established under the Government of the Republic of Korea. It was headed by the Prime Minister. The council consisted of representatives of ministries and departments with the rank of deputy ministers, especially famous holders of the Order of Merit for State Construction and persons appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Prime Minister.

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On August 15, 1949, on the first anniversary of the founding of the Republic of Korea, Lee Seung-man signed a decree establishing the country's highest award, the Mugunghwa Order. It was "assigned" to the current president as a symbol of power, but most importantly-it was intended for awarding top leaders of foreign countries. In accordance with the traditions established in the award systems regarding the highest orders, this was an order with a chain to wear around the neck and had one degree. It was made using gold and silver. The chain consisted of twelve links in the shape of a mugunghwa flower. The thirteenth, lower link was an image of the symbol "taegyk", which by this time had become the main element of the South Korean flag. This symbol was also placed in the center of the order's badge, framed by a large mugunghwa flower [Werlich, 1974, p. 275; Collection of Legislative Acts..., 1972, pp. 76-77]. South Koreans now have a special "reward tool" designed to promote the implementation of foreign policy and develop relations with the leadership of foreign partner countries of South Korea. This shows that Seoul understands the serious potential of the award system as an effective tool for solving problems not only within the country, but also in the international arena. It should be noted in this regard that as early as May 10, 1949, by Presidential Decree No. 103, South Korean citizens were allowed to wear foreign orders, medals and other awards, provided that they received permission from the Administrative Department of the Government of their country.

In addition to the order group in order to ensure the impact of the award system on a wide population on June 6, 1949, Presidential Decree No. 128 establishes medals: "For services to the construction of the state"," For diligence", Defense, Culture, "For contribution to ensuring the public good"," For the development of industry","For distinction in labor". All medals are made of silver, have a round shape, with the same obverse, in the center of which is the image of the symbol "taegyk" framed by a wreath and ornament. They differ mainly in the color of the ribbon. In some cases, the holders of these medals could also receive an award-winning gold or silver cup or a monetary reward [Collection of Legislative Acts..., 1972, pp. 48-51].

WAR AND REWARDS

In the run-up to and with the outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950, both the North and the South are strengthening their award tools by establishing orders and medals that encourage military personnel and the general population to perform heroic actions and sacrifice in the fight against weapons in their hands.

In 1949, the DPRK established the Medal of Military Merit, and in 1950 - the Order of Freedom and Independence, Admiral Lee Soon-sin and Military Glory (all in two degrees). The Order of Freedom and Independence of the first degree was awarded to commanders of divisions and brigades, the second-to lower-level commanders for military merit and contribution to the successful conduct of combat operations. The Order of Admiral Lee Sung-sin was intended to be awarded for outstanding service to naval officers. Lee Sung-shin - an outstanding Korean naval commander of the late 16th century, a hero of naval battles with the Japanese during the so-called Imjin War. In 1592, and then in 1597-1598, the Koreans under his command won crushing victories over the Japanese fleet. The Order of Military Glory was awarded to ordinary, non-commissioned and junior officers for personal bravery and bravery shown in battle.

When forming their award system, the "Northerners" largely took into account the Soviet experience. The main symbolism of their awards corresponded to the state ideology of the country that had embarked on the path of building socialism, and was well understood by ordinary people. In the signs of the established new awards, a prominent place was occupied by

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images of the red star, red banner or state banner of the DPRK, figures of fighters defending the Motherland.

On June 30, 1950, the highest state award for heroic services during military operations was established in North Korea: the honorary title of Hero of the DPRK with the Gold Star Medal of the Hero of the Republic and the Order of the State Banner of the first degree. Those who have been awarded the title Hero of the DPRK for their exploits during the Korean War, including posthumously, have a special place among the heroes of North Korea. Here are some examples of their heroic deeds from official sources:

-An 18-year-old fighter, Lee Soo Bok, was killed while covering the embrasure of an enemy machine-gun emplacement with his chest, thereby ensuring the success of his unit's offensive. His feat was repeated by Kim Sung-jin, who miraculously survived.

- The young fighter Cho Kun Sil, who received serious injuries to his arms and legs, did not abandon his position and continued to fire at the enemy with a machine gun, pressing the trigger with his chin.

- Kang Ho Yong, who was heavily injured, held a grenade between his teeth and threw himself under an enemy tank, blowing it up.

- Nurse Jo Soo Nok, noticing the dangerous approach of an enemy tank, attacked and destroyed it with hand grenades, dying in the process.

- Kim Ki-woo shot down over ten enemy aircraft with small arms fire.

- Company commander Lee Dae-hoon, who had only four coastal artillery pieces at his disposal, held off the landing of 50 thousand enemy troops for three days.

In total, over 500 people were awarded the title of Hero of the DPRK during the Korean War [http://www.kcna...].

Among the awards of the DPRK related to the Korean War, a special place is occupied by the medal" For Participation in the War for the Liberation of the Motherland", established in 1953.Its obverse depicts a North Korean soldier and a Chinese volunteer marching shoulder to shoulder under the banner of the DPRK. As you know, on October 25, 1950, in order to prevent the catastrophe of the North Korean army and fend off the threat to their own borders, large detachments of Chinese "people's volunteers" crossed the border between the PRC and the DPRK and attacked the US-South Korean troops. The significance of the PRC's "human resources" for the outcome of the Korean War cannot be overestimated: the number of Chinese officers and soldiers killed or wounded in this war was about 1 million (Kurbanov, 2002, p.458). This medal was awarded to Korean servicemen and Chinese "volunteers". Also in 1953, a medal was established in memory of the war for the liberation of the Motherland, intended mainly for awarding civilians.

With the outbreak of the Korean War, the Seoul government, among other measures to mobilize the population to actively participate in the armed struggle, immediately turns to "reward tools". Presidential Decree No. 385 of October 18, 1950 established the Order of Military Merit , the country's main military award. It was intended for military personnel who distinguished themselves during the fighting. It could also be obtained by foreign citizens. The order had four degrees, its signs were multi-beam compositions with central medallions. On these medallions were depicted:

- order of the first degree: taegeek symbol;

- order of the second degree: a sword and two other types of ancient Korean weapons that cross it, partly resembling a halberd and a brush;

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- order of the third degree: ship - "turtle", created in Korea, one of the first known examples of a ship covered with metal sheets.;

- order of the fourth degree: an old battle helmet of a Korean military leader [Collection of legislative acts..., 1972, pp. 105-110].

Separately, we note the medals intended for more mass awards. Bloody battles and heavy losses in killed and wounded, which required raising the prestige of front-line soldiers, caused the establishment of the medal "For Wounding" in October 1950 (Presidential Decree No. 389 of 24.10.1950). On the same day, Presidential Decree No. 390 of 24.10.1950 established the Military Medal for participation in the "June 25 incident" (date of the beginning of the Korean War). Military personnel and civilians who participated in military operations and ensured their conduct were awarded. In the center of the medal were the outlines of the Korean Peninsula. This was supposed to reinforce the "patriotic spirit" of the "southerners" leading the armed struggle, confirming the strategic goal: the unification of the country under the auspices of the Seoul regime.

To maintain proper morale in the troops and create an atmosphere of respect and reverence around the families of fallen soldiers, Presidential Decree No. 470 of 9.4.1951 established a Medal for the family of the deceased serviceman. It was awarded to the closest relatives of those who died on the battlefield, who died at the front due to some illness or after returning from the front - from wounds received in the war. This award with the right to wear was received in order of "seniority": the spouse of the deceased, son (daughter), father (mother), grandson (granddaughter), grandfather (grandmother), older (younger) brother, older (younger) sister. After the death of the recipient, the medal was transferred for storage to the next closest relative, but without the right to wear it. The medal was an image of a mugunghwa flower with a purple ribbon bow attached to it. Outwardly, it resembled a memorial sign for the family of a deceased soldier of the Japanese Empire.

Taking into account the important role of the police in maintaining power and control over the situation in the country by the ruling regime, as well as the heavy losses among its personnel, on June 18, 1952, Presidential Decree No. 648 established a special Medal for the family of a deceased police officer with a statute similar to that of the Medal for the family of a deceased serviceman.

On April 28, 1951, the Presidential Decree No. 488 established the medal "For Pacifying Communist Rebels". As the name implies, the medal was awarded to participants in the suppression of protests against the Lee Seung Man regime, including according to its statute, and those that occurred before the outbreak of the Korean War.

In order to maintain the proper moral and psychological state of the Allied forces, which, acting under the flag of the United Nations, fought on the side of the" Southerners", the leadership of the Republic of Korea decided on December 15, 1951 to establish a special medal" For Participation in the Korean War " for awarding all military personnel of the UN contingent. Unlike other participants in the war, the United States, based on a fundamentally negative approach to encouraging the US military with foreign awards, initially refused to receive a South Korean medal for its military personnel. It took the adoption by the United States Congress of special Legislative Act No. 354 of 8.5.1954, which allowed certain categories of military personnel to accept and wear awards from certain specific countries, so that the South Korean medal" For Participation in the Korean War "finally" found its American heroes " [http://www.milmag...].

During the Korean War, both the "northerners" and" southerners", realizing the importance of maximum mobilization of efforts to achieve victory not only for their military personnel, but also for the military personnel themselves.

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and civilians whose activities unfolded on the "labor front" were reinforced with award-winning tools in the part intended for"home front workers".

On July 17, 1951, the honorary title Hero of Labor was established in the DPRK. Those awarded this title receive the Gold Star Medal of the Hero of Labor and the Order of the State Banner of the first degree. It should be noted that the statute, general appearance (with a certain originality), symbolism, size and order of wearing the stars of the Hero of the DPRK and Hero of Labor are very similar to similar Soviet awards [http://en...].

In South Korea, around the same time (December 22, 1951), the Order of Culture was established by Presidential Decree No. 582. It was intended for those who "made a significant contribution to the provision of diplomatic, military and humanitarian assistance to the Republic of Korea, to its economic development, as well as to the development of its culture, public welfare and industry, and contributed to the improvement of the situation of the Korean people." They could also be awarded to foreigners.

On January 15, 1952, by Decree No. 586, the President of South Korea established the Order of Civil Merit. They were awarded to civil servants, as well as civilian personnel of the armed forces. [Collection of legislative Acts..., 1972, p. 84-85, 87-90; Werlich, 1974, p. 277-278].

By mid-1951, the front line between the "Northerners" and "Southerners" had mostly stabilized around the 38th parallel. In the future, despite fierce fighting, neither side was able to achieve a decisive turning point and victory. On July 27, 1953, an armistice agreement was signed at the Panmunjom border crossing.

AWARDS AND POST-WAR CONFRONTATION

After the war, the main task of the DPRK was to restore the economy that was almost completely destroyed, while continuing the socialist transformations. In 1960. The North was already ahead of the South in terms of economy in all major indicators. These achievements, in addition to the high enthusiasm of the population, were largely due to the gratuitous assistance of the USSR and other socialist countries. Around the same time, Kim Il Sung adopted the "Juche ideology". It was interpreted as a creative development of Marxism-Leninism and called for self-reliance, the development of distinctive national features, and the rejection of external influence. The fifth plenum of the 4th convocation of the Central Committee of the Workers ' Party of Korea (WPK) in December 1962 adopted a policy of parallel economic and defense construction and the establishment of a national defense system. From the rostrum of the plenum, Kim Il Sung stated that from now on, North Korean citizens should hold "a gun in one hand and a hammer and sickle in the other" [Kurbanov, 2002, p. 575].

An important place among the awards established in subsequent years and even decades is occupied by orders and medals that mark merits in the development of the national economy and encourage the population to selfless activity on the "labor front". In 1973, the Order of Glory of the Coal Industry was established, in 1986-the Order of Glory of the fishing industry, in 1988 - the Order of Glory of Railway Transport (all in three degrees), and in 1974 - the medal "For Merits in Agriculture". In the same period, medals of Labor Glory and Patriot of Korean society appear (both in two degrees). In 1992, the Order "In memory of the construction of the capital" or a medal with the same name was awarded to those who restored Pyongyang from the ruins, almost completely destroyed during the Korean War. A separate medal "For the construction of the Kung Gan Dam" was awarded to active participants of this national economic project.

In South Korea, the economy experienced deep crises after the war. Although the land reform initiated in 1950, gave some positive results-

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As a result, the volume of industrial production fell. In 1954. it was 20% of the level of 1945. In the cities, mass unemployment was noted, inflation was growing, and agriculture did not provide the population with food. The Seoul regime has become characterized by corruption, lawlessness and arbitrariness [Recent History..., 2004, pp. 111-111]. By the end of the 1950s, dissatisfaction with Lee Seung-man and, above all, with the results of his economic policies became dangerous for the authorities. Eventually, in April 1960, as a result of events referred to in historiography as the "April Revolution", the first South Korean president was forced to flee the country. On October 1, 1960, the so-called Second Republic was proclaimed.

The rise to power of the opposition Democratic Party did not lead South Korea to flourish. The new Government was unable to meet the wishes of its people, either politically or economically. The low standard of living and economic development complicated the already difficult situation in the country. In these circumstances, a new force intervened in the situation. On the night of May 15-16, 1961, a coup d'etat took place in South Korea. The military seized full power. The Parliament was dissolved, and all political activity was banned. The mastermind and de facto leader of the coup was General Park Chung-hee. Gradually concentrating all power in his hands, he carried out purges among undesirable representatives of the opposition, brought to justice the organizers of the last rigged election of Lee Seung-man, as well as those responsible for the shooting of demonstrators during the "April Revolution" of 1960. The new version of the constitution, after approval in a referendum, was published on December 26, 1962. From January 1, 1963. political activity was allowed in the country. Based on the results of the October 15, 1963 presidential election The country was headed by Park Chung-hee, who officially left the military service in August. In November, his Republican Party won a majority in the new unicameral parliament. On December 17, 1963, the formation of the so-called Third Republic was proclaimed.

The period of the Third and then Fourth Republics in South Korea, when Park Chung-hee was president for 18 years, objectively became the time of formation of the foundations that gave rise to such a phenomenon as the "Korean economic miracle".

Shortly after the military coup carried out by Park Jung-hee, the award system was expanded with three orders. On July 25, 1961, the Order "For Establishing Interstate Relations"was established by the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers No. 68. It was intended primarily to reward South Korean diplomats for their contribution to the establishment of diplomatic relations and the development of friendly ties with other countries and their achievements in the international arena. They were also awarded to foreigners. In the face of intense rivalry with the DPRK, the number of countries with which they maintained official relations was the main indicator of performance and superiority in the diplomatic confrontation between the North and the South. The order had six degrees. The specific degree of the order, as a rule, was determined depending on the position and rank of the recipient: from the sixth degree for third secretaries to the first-for ambassadors and persons of a higher level [Collection of Legislative Acts..., 1972, p. 144-158; Werlich, 1974, p. 278-279].

At the same time, on July 26, 1961, the Order "For Merits in the Performance of Official Duty"was established by Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers No. 70. It was awarded to Korean citizens, as well as foreigners-representatives of "friendly countries" for services to ensuring the national security of South Korea.

On September 29, 1962, Government Decree No. 986 established the Order of Industry for the promotion of merits in the field of economics and industry. It is significant that this happened in the first year of the first five-year economic development plan

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South Korea 1962-1966 The Order has three degrees: Gold, Silver and Bronze towers (according to the images on their central medallions).

The purpose of these three new orders illustrated the priorities of the new regime's strategy: strengthening the position of the Republic of Korea in the international arena and developing comprehensive relations with foreign countries; ensuring security in the conditions of the Cold War and acute confrontation between the South and the North; developing the national economy. But the work of the new authorities to improve the national award system did not end there. On March 24, 1964, by a series of decrees (No. 1741-1752), Pak Chung-hee abolished all previous acts concerning the award system of the Republic of Korea. It can be said that Park Jung Hee also sought to get rid of the "legacy" of the Lee Seung Man era, which compromised itself in this area. The only exceptions were decrees that established medals "For wounding", "For participation in the incident on June 25", For the family of the deceased serviceman, For the family of a police officer who died in the line of duty, "For pacifying communist rebels".

People with strong "army training" who shared the ideas of nationalism and anti-communism came to the leadership in the Third Republic. They did not limit their goals to restoring order in the country. The new regime set out to overcome the backwardness of South Korea and create an efficient national economy. Having carried out an essentially new coup d'etat on October 17, 1972, dissolving the National Assembly and suspending the activities of political parties, Park Chung-hee soon gave his actions the name: "October [reforms] of Yushin". Yushin is the Korean reading of the Japanese term yixing, related to the reforms of Emperor Meiji (Meiji Yixing), as a result of which Japan from a backward semi-feudal country in a short historical time turned into a strong modern state. Apparently, Park Chung-hee wanted to draw a parallel between the events that began in October 1972 and the Meiji reforms that marked the beginning of Japan's rapid and comprehensive development. Note, however, that in the case of South Korea, the term "Yusin" is associated with a rigid dictatorship. Nevertheless, it should be recognized that the ideological support of Park Chung-hee's course was built taking into account the historical experience of the North-East Asian region, traditions and national psychological characteristics of the Korean population. According to experts in Korean studies, Koreans, who in former times recognized the special significance of the state, during the presidency of Park Chung-hee learned to work not only for money and for personal gain, but also for the interests of the people and the country as a whole [Kurbanov, 2002, p.514].

One particular example of the use of reward system tools to implement the doctrinal attitudes of the Park Chung Hee era is associated with the so-called New Village Movement (Samaeul Undong). It has become widespread since 1971. Traffic was controlled at all levels of government, from the presidential secretariat to the provincial county. By the mid-1970s, it had become a factor that mobilized the broad masses of South Korea to solve national problems. The ideological components of the Movement were the ideas of "good for all", "improvement of life", "equal rights", "unity of the Korean nation and the realization of its spirit in modern conditions". In other words, in the second half of the 1970s, the New Village Movement became a national movement based on the traditions of collectivism and became one of the ideological and social components of the impressive economic development of the Republic of Korea. In 1973, the Order of Merit for the Samayul Movement was established. It has five degrees: the first - Self-reliance, the second-Mutual assistance, the third-Cooperation, the fourth-Diligence, the fifth-Aspiration [Currency Museum..., 1989, p. 127]. Now the awards of this order have stopped, it can be called "sleeping". Specialists

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this is explained by the fact that psychologically it is associated with the times of the military dictatorship. The Order, however, remains in the award system of the Republic of Korea.

Realizing the importance of developing physical education and sports to ensure the health and working capacity of the nation, as well as to increase the national prestige due to successful performances in international sports competitions, the Park Chung Hee regime established the Order of Physical Education and Sports. First of all, they are awarded to those who have particularly distinguished themselves during international competitions. The Order has five degrees: the first is the Blue Dragon, the second is the Fearless Tiger, the third is the Giant Elephant, the fourth is the White Horse, and the fifth is the Giraffe [http://home...; http://www.hyong...; Currency Museum..., 1989, p. 128].

During the reign of Park Chung-hee, the order and medal groups of the modern award system of the Republic of Korea were almost completely formed. After the death of Park Chung-hee on October 26, 1979, only one new order was established in the country in 1991 - "For Merits in the field of Science and Technology", as well as a medal of the same name.

The DPRK also took comprehensive measures to effectively influence the authorities on the population. In February 1973, Kim Il Sung, at an expanded meeting of the Political Committee of the WPK Central Committee, proposed organizing "three revolutions groups" of young party workers to be sent to enterprises and agricultural cooperatives. They were supposed to "arm" the working masses with "Juche ideas" and promote the development of the" three revolutions": ideological, technical and cultural. Their activities were to develop into a national movement under the leadership of the Central Committee of the WPK. This also solved the problem of rejuvenating the cadres, which then became the mainstay of Kim Il Sung's successor, his son Kim Jong Il. As a result, the Order of the Three Great Revolutions was established in 1986.

Many state awards established in the DPRK since the late 1960s were related to events related to the liberation from Japanese colonial rule, the establishment of a new state, the Korean War, and the Korean People's Army (KPA).

In 1968, the Order was established in honor of the 20th anniversary of the founding of the DPRK. In 1983, the 35th anniversary of this event is celebrated with a special medal. In 1985, the order and medal were established in honor of the 40th anniversary of the liberation of the Motherland. In 1968 and 1992, orders appeared, and in 1985-a medal in honor of anniversaries associated with the KPA [http://www.medals...; http://faculty...].

In order to enhance the use of award-winning tools for solving foreign policy tasks, in 1985 North Korea established awards designed to encourage foreigners: the Order of Friendship in two degrees, as well as the Friendship Medal [http://www.medals...].

AWARDS AND NEW POLITICAL REALITIES

The highest order in the modern award system of the DPRK is established for the 60th anniversary of Kim Il Sung in 1972 and has no degrees of the Order of Kim Il Sung. They are awarded to military and civilians for special merits. In appearance, the badge of the order is a stylized five-pointed gold star, in the center of which, framed by a wreath, is a profile image of Kim Il Sung.

As for the hierarchy of North Korean orders and information on the award system of the DPRK as a whole, according to experts-researchers and collectors, the "closeness" of the country to foreigners significantly affects the study of this range of issues. In some cases, information has to be obtained "indirectly", compare disparate facts, analyze photos of people with North Korean awards on their clothes, especially military personnel, and so on. Note that at present, the highest award for the military is the title of Hero of the DPRK with the presentation of

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Gold Star medals and the Order of the State Banner of the first degree, and for civilians - awarding the title Hero of Labor with the presentation of the Gold Star medal of the Hero of Labor and the Order of the State Banner of the first degree.

After drastic changes in the international arena in connection with the collapse of the USSR, as well as after the death in July 1994 of the founder and permanent leader of the country, Kim Il Sung, the new leadership of North Korea was forced to seriously think about further ways of development. Among its important areas of activity is the restoration and development of relations with foreign countries, primarily those surrounding North Korea. It seems that the DPRK does not abandon the thesis proclaimed back in 1962 by Kim Il Sung, slightly modifying it: "... to hold a gun in one hand, and in the other - a hammer, or a sickle, or a writing brush" [http://www.kcna...]. Despite the declared commitment to the "Juche ideas", the DPRK, taking into account In view of the difficult economic situation, it is necessary to show readiness for greater openness and, possibly, for internal reforms. This was also shown by the inter - Korean summit held in Pyongyang on October 2-4, 2007, which adopted the Declaration on Strengthening North-South Relations, Peace and Prosperity [http://news...].

For its part, the Republic of Korea has gone through a turbulent transition from military dictatorship to democracy since the death of Park Chung-hee. As a result, Korea ranked second in Asia after Japan in many economic indicators. In a referendum on October 27, 1987, the country's new constitution was adopted, limiting the term of office of the President and narrowing his rights to use emergency measures. The powers of the Parliament and the independence of the judiciary have been strengthened. For the first time in South Korea, its so-called Sixth Republic was born on December 16, 1987, through a peaceful transfer of power.

Currently, there are twelve orders and twelve medals in the award system of the Republic of Korea. The highest order is Mugunghwa. The remaining eleven (in order of seniority) are five-degree orders: "For Merits in state building", "For Civil Merits", "For Service", "For Military Merits", Order of Defense of the Fatherland, "For the Development of Friendly Relations", Order of Industry, "For Merits in the Samayul Movement", Order of Culture, Order of Physical Culture and Sports, "For Merits in the field of Sports". fields of science and technology " [http://homt...; Currency Museum..., 1989, p. 123 - 125, 127 - 129].

The decree on awarding the state award is signed by the President of the Republic of Korea. In some cases, the order bearer is entitled to a one-time cash payment or a lifetime pension. After his death, the award remains in the family, which is obliged to carefully preserve it and has no right to sell it.

In accordance with the amendments to the Law on State Awards adopted in the late 1990s, if the order bearer commits a crime that is punishable by three or more years in prison, or if his actions harm the security of the state, he is deprived of his awards. Prior to the adoption of this law, the Government annulled awards at the request of the ministry or agency that had previously submitted the person for the award.

In March 2006, under a new law, two former presidents, Chung Doo-hwan and Roh Dae-woo, lost all awards they received in the 1960s and 1980s. They and 174 other prominent politicians, military personnel and businessmen were stripped of their orders and medals under amendments to the State Awards Act for their actions during the 1979 coup that brought Chung Doo-hwan to power and during the suppression of pro-democracy protests in Gwangju, South Jeolla Province, in 1980. when about 200 people were killed and several thousand wounded. Note that Jung Doo-hwan and Ro Dae-woo were left with the highest orders of Korea-the Order of Mugunghwa, which they were awarded in accordance with their then status as heads of state-

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It's a good idea. However, they were deprived of cash payments and medical benefits associated with these awards. In addition, they lost the right to be buried in the Main National Cemetery after their death.

Holders of orders and medals in today's South Korea enjoy respect and authority, although the signs themselves are worn infrequently, usually on special occasions.

The Republic of Korea and the DPRK currently have established and sufficiently effective award systems that meet the challenges facing both States.

list of literature

History of the East / Edited by R. B. Rybakov, vol. 4, kn. 1-2. Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura, 2004-2005.

Kurbanov S. O. Course of lectures on the history of Korea: from antiquity to the end of the XX century.

Recent history of Asian and African countries: XX century / Edited by A. M. Rodríguez. Part 2. Moscow: VLADOS, 2004.

Collection of legislative acts and rules of the award system of Korea / / Administrative Department of the Government of the Republic of Korea. Seoul, 1972 (in Russian).

Kojien (Big encyclopedia "Kojien") / Ed. by I. Shimura. Tokyo: Iwanami Seten, 1979 (in Japanese).

Currency Museum. Republic of Korea. Daejeon: Korea Security Printing and Minting Corporation, 1989.

Peterson J. W. Orders and Medals of Japan and Associated States. San Ramon, California, USA: OMSA, 2000.

Werlich R. Orders and Decorations of All Nations. Washington, DC: Quaker Press, 1974.

http://en.wikipedia/org/wiki/Orders%2C_decorations%2C_and_medals_of_North_Korea

http://faculty.winthrop.edu/haynese/medals/N_Korea/N_Korea.htm

http://homt.earthlink.net/~dfifer/orders.htm

http://homt.earthlink.net/~dfifer/merit.htm

http://www.hyongc.com.ne.kr/kukki/hunjang-posang.htm

http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2002/200204/news04/30.htm

http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2002/200206/news06/26.htm

http://news.mail.ru/politics/1460727

http://www.medals.lava.pl/kp/kp1.htm

http://www.milmag.com/newsite/features/medals/a-1.html

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