Libmonster ID: JP-1351
Author(s) of the publication: S. A. Frantsuzov (Saint Petersburg)

Diffusion de Boccard, Diffusion Herder: 138 p. 75 pl

Finally, after a long, almost four-year hiatus, the third volume of the Inventory of South Arabian Inscriptions, a new international publication on the epigraphy of ancient South Arabia, conceived by the great French sabeist Christian Julien Robin and carried out mainly by his efforts under the auspices of the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres (Paris) and the Italian Institute of Africa and the Orient (Rome). The basic principle underlying this series-the publication of inscriptions strictly on sites (site par site) and, as far as possible, taking into account archaeological data-distinguishes the "Inventory" from the well-known "Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum" and "Repertoire of Semitic Inscriptions" (Repertoire d'epigraphie semitique), published by the same Academy in the late 19th and mid-20th centuries, and included extensive sections on the epigraphic heritage of pre-Islamic Yemen, in which inscriptions were grouped, as a rule, randomly and often did not have an exact reference to the place of their origin. As for the Corpus des inscriptions et antiquites sud-Arabes (Corpus des inscriptions et antiquites sud-Arabes), two volumes of which, in two parts each, with the appendix of a general bibliography on Sabaeism and a glossary with indexes, were published by J. P. Blavatsky. Pirenne in 1977 and 1986, then its main advantages and disadvantages are considered in detail by A. G. Lundin on the example of the first volume 1 . I will only point out that despite the extremely complicated system of sigles designed to establish an unambiguous correspondence between the published monument and the place of its discovery or storage, the inscriptions and works of art presented in the new "Corpus" turned out, as usual, to be taken out of the historical context of specific hillforts.

This fundamental defect of all the former South Arabian epigraphy was successfully overcome by the creators of the Inventory, for whom the publication of inscriptions is not an end in itself, but serves as a reliable basis for recreating the history of ancient Yemeni settlements in all its diversity. It should be noted that for the first time such an approach to the publication of inscriptions was applied by domestic scientists. In 1978, the first issue of "Southern Arabia", prepared on the initiative of the arabist P. A. Gryaznevich, was published, which included materials discovered by him during his travels in Northern and Central Yemen in the mid-60s .2 The epigraphic part of this collective work was carried out by the sabeist A. G. Lundin and the linguist-semitologist J. B. Gruntfest. The idea of P. A. Gryaznevich was broader than the one that is now embodied in the "Inventory". It was planned for each settlement to give an outline of not only its ancient, but also its medieval history, as well as to show the ethno-cultural specifics of modern settlements existing on its site or in its neighborhood. Unfortunately, during the publication of the second issue of this work, which was greatly delayed due to an unfavorable combination of scientific and administrative circumstances, its historical and cultural part 3 was disconnected from the epigraphic material 4 , as a result of which the original principle was somewhat violated.


1 Lundin A. G. To resume the publication of the Corpus of Semitic Inscriptions (Corpus des inscriptions et antiquites sud-arabes. T. I. Section 1-inscriptions. P. XXXII-243; Section 2-antiquites. P. 245-610. et bibliographic generale. Louvain, 1977) / / The Palestinian Collection. 1986. 28 (91), pp. 187-194.

2 South Arabia. Monuments of ancient history and culture. Issue I. M., 1978.

3 South Arabia. Monuments of ancient history and culture. Issue 2: Materials of the expedition of P. A. Gryaznevich 1970-1971. Part 1: Gryaznevich P. A. Historical and archaeological monuments of ancient and medieval Yemen. Field research 1970-1971 St. Petersburg, 1994.

4 Same Part 2: Bauer G. M., Lungin A. G. Epigraphic monuments of ancient Yemen. SPb., 1998.

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The decision to start the "Inventory" with the al-Jauf mounds seems completely justified. This region occupies, perhaps, the first place in Yemen in terms of the number of ancient monuments per unit area. Although the mass collection of epigraphic materials on the territory of al-Jawf was undertaken in the last third of the XIX century during the travels of J. Halevi and E. Glaser, it remained poorly explored in archaeological terms until recently. The situation gradually began to change for the better in the late 70s and 90s, primarily due to the work of French and Italian expeditions. The first volumes of the Inventory, devoted to such archaeological sites as  (vol. 4, published more than three years earlier than vol. 3), were intended to make available to specialists unpublished epigraphic finds of recent times and to summarize some preliminary results of the study of these ancient settlements.

And yet, in most cases, the participants of both expeditions were forced to limit themselves to reconnaissance and collecting "lifts". As a hundred years ago, full-scale excavations are hindered by the xenophobia of the al-Jawf tribes and their hostile attitude towards all foreigners, especially non-Muslims. There are still many places in this region that have not been touched by the archaeologist's shovel, including-in ancient times, Karnau (Qrnw), which was the capital of one of the four most significant states of pre - Islamic Southern Arabia, which existed in the middle-second half of the 1st millennium BC on the territory of al-Jawf.

A prominent French semitologist, Francois Bron, who in recent decades has successfully combined his main specialty-the study of Northwestern Semitic languages and the culture of their native speakers - with Sabaism, took on the difficult task of preparing for publication almost all the currently known inscriptions from Ma'in. The matter is complicated by the fact that the originals of a significant part of these epigraphic monuments have been lost and their text has to be reconstructed from copies by J. Halevi or M. Tawfiq, which are often very inaccurate.

In accordance with the general concept of" Inventory", the publication and reissue of 98 monuments in the reviewed volume is preceded by a brief research section (section 1), which opens with the first section devoted to the description of the ancient settlement (p.5-7). A good half of it is taken up by a long quote from Zh. Halevi, the first European scholar to visit Ma'in (p. 5-6). This lengthy excerpt gives a fairly complete picture of what the ruins of the capital of the Ma'in kingdom looked like almost 130 years ago and, which is especially important for epigraphists, allows you to accurately localize some of the inscriptions Unfortunately, the further history of the study of the ancient settlement is presented in an extremely concise form, so neither from this section, nor from the next one, entitled "Antiquities " (Les antiquites), it is impossible to understand what state the ruins are in today. Extensive extracts from the work on the fortifications of Southern Arabia of the first millennium BC by J.-Fr. Breton, who surveyed the site in October-November 1981 as a member of the French archaeological mission to the Yemeni Arab Republic5, contain essentially an archaeological reconstruction of the Karnau fortifications, and not a description of what remains of them (p. 11-12). Meanwhile, such a sketch from life would help us understand why the information at our disposal about the capital of one of the richest South Arabian states is so scarce and where those inscriptions that are known today only from copies and prints have gone. The answer to these questions is provided by one of the best, in my opinion, descriptions of Ma'ilua, made by P. A. Gryaznevich, who visited there at the end of December 1970 together with the Italian traveler P. Costa: "The settlement is located on a long, high and steep hill. Its flat surface seems empty: here and there along the edge you can see piles of stone that can be mistaken for the remains of buildings; along the upper part of the hill at the south-western corner, there are still sections of the city wall made of large blocks... You might not notice any ruins at all if you don't know that on this huge desert hill lie the ruins of one of the famous cities of the ancient world... The current state of the ruins differs from what locals have seen and described, as they continue to dismantle the remains of urban structures and take the blocks to the surrounding villages to build houses. The upper rows of the wall were dismantled and taken away, as shown by comparison with the photos of M. Tawfiq.


5 Mission archeologique francaise en Republique arabe du Yemen (далее - MAFRAY).

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both sides of the western gate, as well as the upper left side of the gate tower with part of the inscriptions. The remains of some ancient buildings inside the settlement also disappeared... " 6 .

From the above field observations, a picture is formed of the ancient settlement, which was subjected for centuries and still continues to be subjected to intensive destruction and looting. It becomes clear that Ma'in is poor in epigraphic monuments in comparison, for example, with the nearby Barakish. It is a pity that if we look at the Inventory, we can't get an equally clear picture of the condition of the ancient settlement and find out how the ruins of Karnau were found in 1981 by the participants of MAFRAY. Given that there were not many explorers who visited Ma'in, the author should have mentioned those among them whose research on the ancient settlement was not crowned with the discovery of new inscriptions. In addition to P. A. Gryaznevich and P. Kosta, it would be necessary to mention the members of the expedition of the German Archaeological Institute who examined Ma'in in 1977, especially since the reviewed volume contains references to the works of one of them, the archaeologist Jurgen Schmidt, on local temples (pp. 12, 33, 127). The section devoted to references to Karnau/Ma'in in ancient and medieval sources is too brief (p. 7). It should at least be noted that information about this ancient settlement is given not only by al-Hamdani, but also, two centuries later, by the successor of his work, Nashwan b. Sa'id al-Himyari (d. 573 X / 1178) 7 .

Most of the second section is devoted to the characteristics of groups of published labels:  8 Their sigls correspond to each other, for which they are all summarized in a compact, easy-to-use table (p.10-11). However, in this case, it is completely superfluous to complete the volume with a multi-page appendix (pp. 129-135), called "Concordance des inscriptions" (Concordance des inscriptions) and containing the same information as this table, with the exception of the six sigla VM (British Museum).

It is regrettable that two of the most important texts from Karnau, G1 310 and Gl 312 9, remain unpublished. The reference to the poor preservation of prints with the current development of technical means cannot be accepted unconditionally. In addition, judging by the photo Gl 310 presented on pi. 75 10, the state of the print is not hopeless: individual groups of signs are distinguishable on it even with such reproduction. Since the originals of both texts are most likely irretrievably lost, I would like to hope that some of the Sabaeists will take the trouble, armed with modern physical, chemical and informational methods, to decipher the prints of Gl 310, Gl 312 and publish them.

The third section, "Dating of inscriptions" (pp. 13-19), leaves a heavy impression. And the point here is not in the author, who did everything in his power, but in the nature of the material. Suffice it to say that the names of the famous inscriptions from Karnau, Fr. Bron was forced to give in alphabetical order! And in no other more natural order (chronological or genealogical) can they be arranged! What is there to say if G. von Wissmann places the reign of Waqah'il Sadiq at approximately 360 B.C., K. Kitchen at 190-175 B.C., and M. Arbash at the middle of the sixth century B.C.


6 Southern Arabia ... Issue 2. Part 1. pp. 337-341.

7 Die auf Slidarabien beziiglichen Angaben Naswan's im Sams al-'ulum /Gesammelt, alphabetisch geordnet und hrsg. von 'AzTmuddm Ahmad ("E.J.W. Gibb Memorial" Series, v. XXIV). Leyden - London, 1916. S. 99-100.

8 It is rather strange that in the section entitled "Les antiquites". labels are considered. After all, according to the usual Zh. In French-language Sabean studies, ' les inscriptions 'is quite clearly contrasted with' les antiquites', which means objects of art, and not just slabs or even stelae with inscriptions carved on them.

9 A fragment of the first two lines of the second of them, containing royal names, with reference to its discoverer (Glaser E. Skizze der Geschichte und Geographical Arabiens von den altesten Zeiten bis zum Propheten Muhammad. 1. Ht. Munchen, 1889, S. 55). Hommel F. Siid-arabische Chrestomathie. Miinchen, 1893. S. Ill); these names are also quoted under the title RES 3385. The first three lines of Gl 312 were published by H. von Wissmann. Die Geschichte des Sabaerreiches und der Felzug des Aelius Gallus // Aufstieg und Niedergang der Romischen Welt / Hrsg. von Н. Temporini und W. Haase. II: Principat. Bd 9. (1. HIbd). V.-N.Y., 1976. S. 390). The title of the above-mentioned work by F. Gommel is included in the bibliography of the reviewed volume with two errors (p. 124).

10 On pl. 75, this text is erroneously named 

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(p. 14-15). According to the same researchers, the reign of Huffanum Yasa ' falls either in 380 BC, or in 250-240 BC, or in the second quarter of the VI century BC (p. 14). And the list of similar examples can be continued. In the absence of sufficient data on the genealogy of the Ma'in kings, not to mention information about their biographies, the only reliable criterion for placing them in chronological order is paleography. However, the situation in this area is not encouraging. "In general, the palaeography of the Mans inscriptions gives the impression of considerable uniformity, and chronological classification of inscriptions on this basis is extremely difficult." - recognizes Fr. Bron (p. 15) before proceeding to the consideration of the paleographic schemes developed by J. Pirenne and G. von Wissmann in relation to the epigraphic material from Karnau (p.15-18). Along the way, he demonstrates the failure of K. Kitchen's attempt to establish a sequence by reconstructing their genealogies, due to the lack of deep acquaintance of this British Egyptologist with the author's views. Arbash's view of the chronology of the tsars is based on the appendix to his unpublished 1993 dissertation. Fr.Bron, who was one of the opponents in the defense of this work, does not express explicit critical remarks about him, but at the same time makes it clear that this scheme does not satisfy him either. A thorough review of the available material and various approaches to its interpretation lead the author to a disappointing conclusion:" As a result, given the current state of our knowledge, neither the paleographic method nor the study of genealogies can provide us with a reliable relative chronology " (p.18). There is no hope for a breakthrough in this direction in the coming years. It will be possible to start writing a full-fledged history of the state only if the number of sources of ordinary types increases significantly (several times), or if such a unique monument as a list of local kings or eponyms is discovered.

The problem of dating the "Minaean synchronism", which is based on the content of  11 AD, which tends, for example, Cr. Robin 12, and the preference that the author gives to the much better-founded proposal of Andre Lemaire to date this synchronism to one of the actions of the Egyptians in the middle-second half of the fifth century BC: the revolt of Inar (between 463 and 454 BC), various revolts of 422, 41413, or 411-410 BC, or the Amyrteus revolt (after 405 BC).

It should be emphasized that independently of A. Lemaire and before him, the Russian Sabeist G. M. Bauer13 came to a similar conclusion, noting that for the events described in RES 3022, the turbulent years of the middle of the fifth century BC (fifties) - the time of the uprising of the Libyan Inar and the campaign of Megabiz, up to up to Kalliev's world " 14 . A somewhat later dating of synchronism also seemed acceptable to him: "The period associated with the founding of the XXVIII Egyptian dynasty, the accession of Amyrteus, the fall of Egypt from the Achaemenid Empire, and the punitive campaign of Pharnabazus, i.e., the period from 404 to 373 BC, could be considered another and very appropriate period of time." 15

The fourth section, devoted to onomastics (p. 20-27), opens with lists of proper names that, to a certain extent, replace the pointers that are missing from the Inventory volumes. The first of them includes personal names and so-called "epithets" (pp. 20-22).


11 Translated by G. M. Bauer (see Southern Arabia ... Issue 2. Part 2. p. 116).

12 Robin С/м"../. Quelques episodes marquants de 1'histoire sudarabique // L' Arabie antique de Karib' il a Mahomet (Revue du Monde Musulman et de la Mediterranee. 61). Aix-en-Provence, 1991. P. 62; idem. Sheba (dans les inscriptions d' Arabie du Sud) // Supplement au Dictionnaire de la Bible. P., 1996. Col. 1113-1114.

13 A. Lemaire first presented these ideas in 1991 in Rome at the International Conference "Arabia antiqua", while the article cited below by G. M. Bauer was published several years before his death in 1989.

14 Bauer G. M. Ma'in on the way to Egypt and the Eastern Mediterranean / / Krasnomorskiye zametki, I (Materials on the history of the civilization of ancient Southern Arabia), Moscow, 1994, p. 176.

15 Ibid., pp. 176-177.

page 183


The second section contains the names of Ma'i people who married foreign women , 16 from the "Lists of Hierodules" (p. 22-23), and the third covers generic names (p. 24-26). Fr. Bron was able to analyze the names of the inhabitants of Karnau and suggest that there were two separate social groups among them: the aristocracy, whose representatives gave preference composite personal names (including two elements, such as or and merchants, usually bearing simple names from one element (such as Aus or Hani') and known only from the "Lists of Hierodules" and from the inscriptions on the pillars of the temple of the "Daughters (of the people)" located outside the city walls (p. 27). This hypothesis is interesting, although it should be treated with caution: there were families in Karnau with both compound and simple anthroponyms, sometimes even in the same generation (see, for example, 

We are surprised by the author's decision, following R. Robin, to designate all generic groups called bnw by the term 'lignage', those called 'hi 'by the term' clan', and those following the d - particle by the term' fraction ' (p.24). At the same time, he falls into a self-imposed trap and admits that in some cases a single genus, such as 'mm or Gzy', is mentioned twice in his list: both 'clan' and 'fraction' (p. 27). We would like to add that the use of 'hi and d - in relation to the same group of people is not uncommon in Ma'i inscriptions and outside of Karnau. Of course, hierarchy (at least two levels) was inherent in the tribal organization of Ma'in society, and the author convincingly showed this by establishing into which branches the clans known from the Karnau inscriptions were divided (pp. 26-27). It is all the more unacceptable to establish an unambiguous correspondence between Ma'in words or even particles and ethnological terms. You must first determine the genus or branch in question based on the context, and then proceed to classify it. If there is no sufficient data for this, it is better to use a neutral term such as 'lignage', regardless of what Ma'in turnover the generic name introduces.

Fr. Bron rightly questioned the existence of a specifically Ma'i onomasticon (p. 27). However, he did not even try to determine which of the proper nouns studied belong to the general South Arabian nominative fund, and which are found only in Ma'in and Hadhramaut, or only in Ma'in and Kataban. Such an analysis can be of great help in studying the nature of relationships between the regions of ancient Yemen and the migration of their inhabitants.

The fifth section, "Religion" (pp. 28-33), is the most detailed and profound among research essays. This is explained not only by the fact that this story is presented in the available material more fully than the others, but also by the professional interest that the author of the volume feels in it. Peru Fr. Brona owns one of the best reviews of Arabian, including Yemeni, paganism, published in the last 17 years . On the basis of references to the deity also based on the peculiarities of their formulary the author distinguishes a special doma ynsky so  18 19


16 The names of the foreign women themselves are discussed separately in the last section of Part II, since they do not belong to the South Arabian onomastics proper.

17 Вгоп Fr. Los dioses у el culto de los Arabes preislamicos // Mitologia у Religion del Antiguo Oriente. 11/2: Semitas Occidentales (Emar, Ugarit, Hebreos, Fenicios, Arameos, Arabes) / Ed. G. del Oimo Lete. Barcelona, 1995. p. 412-446.

18 From Mazab, the ancient name of Wadi al-Jawf.

19 In classical Arabic, this name was introduced in the form of Manat.

page 184


page 185


The second part (section 2) of this work, as in any volume of the Inventory, is devoted to the publication of inscriptions (pp. 37-121). Due to the presence among them of a significant number of texts known only from copies of J. Halevi, as well as the inability to offer an acceptable scheme for the development of the Ma'in paleography of the Fr. Bron was forced to arrange the published epigraphic monuments not in chronological order, but in a different order. All of them are divided into five sections, depending on their origin or the circumstances of their discovery: texts located in situ in the city wall are included in the reprinted section of the so-called "Lists of Hierodules", probably related to the same sanctuary (Ma'n 93-98), other texts are summarized in section III (Ma'n 33-81). The publication of texts is distinguished by a high philological culture, which is generally characteristic of the Sabaistic works of Fr. Brona. The commentary is too short; in some cases, it would be useful to make it more detailed, since it is not always clear why the publisher chose this or that version of the translation of a controversial term or dark place. Unfortunately, this feature also distinguishes other published volumes of the Inventory. Two lengthy texts, known only from copies by J. Halevi or M. Tawfiq (Ma'in 71 and Ma'in 73), have been left without translation, since only certain groups of words can be identified with certainty. It is hoped that among the new findings, similar contexts will be found that will allow for proper corrections to these corrupted copies.


26 However, the same uncertainty is characteristic of G. M. Bauer, who in different lines of the translation of the same inscription (!) sometimes it gives tqr the specific meaning of "large grinding blocks", but sometimes it does not give any ("blocks-tqr"; cf. texts Bauer 5/2 and Bauer 5/4: Southern Arabia ... Vol. 2. Part 2. pp. 111, 132: tab. I), although his interpretation of the term is not in doubt (ibid., p. 107: commentary to Gr. 289/2).

27 Such transliteration would correspond to the translation "Athtar qui se leve", "Athtar levant".

28 Beeston A.F.L., Ghul M.A., Miiller W.W., Ryckmans J. Sabaic Dictionary (English-French-Arabic)/Dictionnaire sabeenne (anglais- francais-arabe). Louvain-la-Neuve - Beyrouth, 1982. P. 66.

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he devoted a detailed excursus to G. M. Bauer, who clearly showed that the most appropriate translation should be recognized as "(all) places of residence (of the deity) " 29 . Note that this translation perfectly corresponds to all the above-mentioned contexts of inscriptions from Karnau.

 30

The interpretation as "fief" should be considered unsuccessful, since in French, as in Russian, it evokes inevitable associations with the European Middle Ages, for which there is no reason. A more neutral meaning of "(land) ownership " would be much better.

The most serious comment regarding translation would be unfair to address to the Fr. The armor. The material of the Mansk inscriptions, which he had at his disposal, did not give any grounds for revising the generally accepted meaning of this term - "pay", "pay off". In the texts from Karnau, it occurs three times in the following expressions:  31 32

This translation implies that it describes an action performed by the initiator. In almost all Ma'in inscriptions originating from the al-Jawf sites, this verb is used in relative subordinate clauses in rather similar contexts, the main varieties of which are presented above .33 However, from a syntactic point of view, it remains unclear why the verbs ktrb "to provide" and "to pay", which have a common subject and control the same direct complement 34 , are not homogeneous, but are separated by different subordinate clauses, the first of which is introduced without conjunction, acting as the second element of the status constructus to krb " offering"or kbwdt "contributions", and the second opens with relative pronouns d- (units).The answer to this question is given by an unpublished Ma'in text from the collection of the British Museum, which A. G. Lundin drew attention to during the inspection of the Sabaistic exposition in July 1994. With the permission of the curators, this unique monument of South Arabian epigraphy, carved on the base of the statue of a stone goat (ibex), will be published in one of the next issues of the almanac "Petersburg Oriental Studies" under the title LuBM 2. Below is its text and translation almost without comment, solely in order to establish the true meaning of the verb 


29 South Arabia ... Issue 2. Part 2. p. 100. The term hdr in Sabean originates, according to G. M. Bauer, from the same semantic field and means "the rite of visiting the abode of the deity, accompanied by sacrifices."

30 Ibid. pp. 93-94.

31 Following Fr. Bron, for the sake of convenience, we retain the capitalized spelling of pronouns referring to the god 'Astar, although this is, of course, a pagan deity and not a God of a monotheistic religion.

32 Similar meanings for this verb are given by G. M. Bauer: "to pay in full" (Bauer 6/2), "to pay in full" (Gr. 313/1-2). See Southern Arabia ... Issue 2. Part 2. p. 116.

33 

34 It should be noted that in the French translation, the second of these verbs controls the indirect complement. In addition, the verb ktrb is doubly transitive. The role of the second direct complement with it in the considered contexts is as follows: 

page 187


 35

 36

Thus, it becomes clear why the two subordinate clauses in and are introduced in different ways: in the first, without conjunction, the subject is the initiator, and in the second, starting with a relative pronoun, god 'Astar. This example clearly demonstrates the incompleteness of our knowledge in the field of South Arabian epigraphy, where often the discovery of one (!) new monument forces us to reconsider seemingly established interpretations.

The reprint of the so-called "Hierodule Lists", undertaken in this volume for the first time after a break of more than half a century , 37 is immaculately executed. Because of the stereotypical nature of these texts, Fr. Bron refused to translate them verbatim, bringing together the main data on the names of the Main merchants and the foreign wives they brought to Karnau, as well as on the toponyms associated with the origin of these wives, in a special table that is very convenient to use (pp. 116-118), and considering the repeated formula "married and paid the bride price" (a epouse et raue Ie pnx de la fiancee) separately (p. 111).

Along with photographs of the originals and prints of the inscriptions, there are attached two previously published plans (the Ma'in hillfort as a whole and its western gate with the designation of texts located in situ - pi. 1 - 2) and the first published plan of the temple of the god extra muros, made by J.-Fr. Breton (p1. 3).

The publication of the next volume of the Inventory of South Arabian Inscriptions, which is well prepared both from a scientific and printing point of view, is a serious and useful contribution to sabaeism. From now on, a specialist always has a complete summary of epigraphic material found among the ruins of one of the capital cities of ancient Yemen - Karnau.


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S. A. Frantsuzov (Saint Petersburg), NEW VOLUME OF THE INVENTORY OF SOUTH ARABIAN INSCRIPTIONS (FRANCOIS BRON. Ma'in // Inventaire des inscriptions sudarabiques (Academic des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, Istituto Italiano per Г Africa et I' Oriente) / Public avec les soins de Christian Ro // Tokyo: Japan (ELIB.JP). Updated: 17.06.2024. URL: https://elib.jp/m/articles/view/NEW-VOLUME-OF-THE-INVENTORY-OF-SOUTH-ARABIAN-INSCRIPTIONS-FRANCOIS-BRON-Ma-in-Inventaire-des-inscriptions-sudarabiques-Academic-des-Inscriptions-et-Belles-Lettres-Istituto-Italiano-per-Г-Africa-et-I-Oriente-Public-avec-les-soins-de-Christian-Robin-T-3-Fas (date of access: 10.02.2025).

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NEW VOLUME OF THE INVENTORY OF SOUTH ARABIAN INSCRIPTIONS (FRANCOIS BRON. Ma'in // Inventaire des inscriptions sudarabiques (Academic des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, Istituto Italiano per Г Africa et I' Oriente) / Public avec les soins de Christian Ro
 

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